Human Health, Environmental Comfort and Well-Being. Part 1. Engineering and Design Resources of the Bioindustry on the Way to Safe Competition with the Resources of Natural Biocenoses and Health-Saving Systems

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Abstract

Everyone has the right to the highest attainable standard of health, and modern preventive, preventive and rehabilitative manipulations promote health and well-being. Thanks to a number of fundamental projects on the study of human health at various levels (genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic), and molecular mechanisms of the development of pathological conditions, there has been a great leap in the field of applied sectors of industrial biotechnology, including segments of the pharmaceutical and food industries, significantly replenished health-saving resources and improved the quality of life of the population. This article will review the advanced achievements of fundamental and applied research, as well as promising areas of the bioindustry.

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About the authors

S. V. Suchkov

Russian Academy of Natural Sciences; Russian University of Medicine; New York Academy of Sciences; University of World Politics and Law

Author for correspondence.
Email: med_nika2000@mail.ru

Department of Clinical Allergology and Immunology

Russian Federation, Moscow; Moscow; New York, USA; Moscow

H. Abe

Abe Cancer Clinic

Email: med_nika2000@mail.ru
Japan, Tokyo

S. Murphy

Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH); Harvard Medical School

Email: med_nika2000@mail.ru
United States, Boston, MA; Boston, MA

D. Smith

Mayo Clinic

Email: med_nika2000@mail.ru
United States, Rochester, MN

V. S. Polyakova

University of World Politics and Law

Email: med_nika2000@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

D. Scherman

European Academy of Sciences; National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS); Paris Descartes University

Email: med_nika2000@mail.ru

Unité de Pharmacologie Chimique et Génétique d’Imagerie

Belgium, Liège; Paris, France; Paris, France

A. P. Glinushkin

Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: med_nika2000@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

P. Barach

Wayne State University, School of Medicine

Email: mbikeeva@yandex.ru
United States, Detroit, MI

A. O. Terentʼev

Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: mbikeeva@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

M. Tan

NAKADA Geriatric Health and Welfare Facilities

Email: mbikeeva@yandex.ru
Japan, Nakada Tome Miyagi

A. N. Suvorov

Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg State University

Email: mbikeeva@yandex.ru

Department of Microbiology

Russian Federation, St. Petersburg; St. Petersburg

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2. Fig. 1. Bioindustry and its branches.

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3. 2. Modern scheme of functional architecture of personalized and precision medicine.

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4. 3. Key sectors of the bioindustry.

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5. 4. Biodesign and its basic infrastructure.

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6. 5. Sectoral architectonics of modern industrial biotechnology. Industrial biotechnology combines chemistry, molecular and microbiology with applied sciences for the use of microorganisms, cells, tissues and genes in order to carry out technological processes of various directions. This field of research is one of the most promising today and allows not only to change and improve the characteristics of substances, but also to create new microorganisms with unique functions.

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7. Fig. 6. OMIX technologies and their resources.

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8. 7. Categories of biomarkers (a); principles of targeted therapy through the prism of receptors, biomarkers and targeted drugs (b).

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9. 8. Systems of targeted delivery of genetic material to the target cell. To date, two types of gene therapy have been formed.: An individualized ex vivo approach is transfection of hematopoietic stem cells obtained from peripheral blood and then transplanted to the patient, and in vivo transfection of cells inside the body, where the genetic material in the vector is delivered as a result of injections.

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10. Fig. 9. Principles of application of the engineering and design package Prime Editing Design Tool for genomic editing. The new approach to genomic editing allows for any single-nucleotide substitutions and larger insertions and deletions, but differs from the classic CRISPR/Cas9 editing by being more accurate. This became possible due to the fact that the new editor dispenses with double-stranded DNA cuts and completes the edited chain on its own. As a result, the number of errors is lower and the efficiency is higher.

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11. Fig. 10. Basic tools of proteomics.

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12. 11. Protein engineering: modern methods and approaches.

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13. 12. Strategic technological platforms and methods in metabolic research and expertise. As a biomarker detection tool, the integrated holistic approach of metabolomics may lead to new diagnostic or therapeutic methods. The detection of metabolites using high-performance systems supported by advanced bioinformatics and network analysis has made it possible to identify potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

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14. 13. The metabolome as the end product of a multi-stage process of realization of genetic information in the cell. The realization of hereditary information in a living organism is carried out from DNA to RNA, from RNA to protein, and from protein to metabolic cascades and metabolites. Accordingly, there is a hierarchy of disciplines, starting from genomics, following to transcriptomics and proteomics, and ending with metabolomics – the set of all metabolites formed as a result of biochemical reactions.

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15. Figure 14. Diagram of the influence of various processes on metabolism and the possibility of using metabolites as biomarkers within the framework of BPM. Metabolomic approaches make it possible to identify the principles of drug resistance formation and factors of tumor recurrence, and to identify new promising therapy targets.

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16. 15. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs are non-hematopoietic, multipotent, self-renewing cells capable of trilinear differentiation (mesoderm, ectoderm, and endoderm). The pluripotency and immunomodulatory properties of MSCs allow them to be considered an effective tool in cell therapy and tissue repair.

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17. Рис. 16. CAR-Т-клеточная терапия с использованием инструментов клеточной и генной инженерии. При CAR-T-клеточной терапии Т-клетки берутся у пациентов для генетической модификации и оснащаются химерными антигенными рецепторами (CAR). Каждый CAR состоит из нескольких строительных блоков, которые могут распознавать и связываться с соответствующей целевой молекулой на поверхности опухолевых клеток. После активации CAR-T-клетки начинают уничтожение раковой клетки посредством цитотоксического (повреждающего клетки) эффекта. В то же время CAR-T-клетки размножаются, поэтому они остаются в организме и могут активно действовать при рецидиве заболевания.

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18. 17. Glucose-stimulated beta cells that produce insulin and are protected inside capsules to be invisible to the host's immune system. There is no doubt that the ability to generate glucose-sensitive human beta cells through controlled stem cell differentiation will accelerate the development of new therapeutic agents.

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19. Fig. 18. Advances in cellular bioengineering and bioprinting: (a) – printed thyroid gland; (b) – printed liver; (c) – printed heart.

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