Bulletin Samara State Agricultural Academy

The purpose of the research is to increase the productivity of winter wheat varieties with the combined use of mineral fertilizers and stimulant drugs in the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region. The article presents studies carried out in 2021-2023 in order to improve the methods of cultivating winter wheat varieties when applying fertilizers to the planned yield in the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region. The work was carried out on the experimental field of the Department of Crop Production and Agriculture of Samara State Agrarian University. In the course of the experience, the analysis of the safety of crops and crop structure was given, the level of productivity of winter wheat varieties and the technological qualities of grain were determined. The scheme provided the study of the following options: winter wheat varieties: Svetoch, Sceptre, Yuka, Thunder (factor A); influence of sheet feeding: control (without processing), MEGAMIX system, YaraVita system, Stoller system (factor B). It is noted that on average in grades the safety of plants was ranging from 65.4…71.7%. The treatment of crops with MEGAMIX, YaraVita and Stoller in the system provides an increase in productive ears. For three years, their number ranged from 486 to 576 pcs./m². In options where vegetative plants have been treated, yields are substantially higher. The maximum yield is observed in the Yuka variety – 9.90 t/ha (in the version with treatment with the MEGAMIX drug system), 9.84 t/ha (Stoller drugs) and 9.61 t/ha (YaraVita drugs). Other varieties also received an increase in control: Sceptre – 8.82 t/ha, grade Thunder – 8.45 t/ha, grade Svetoch – 7.62 t/ha. The protein content was ranging from 13.75...16.60%, glutens – 21.94-26.76% (the indicator of its quality of gluten strain index varied from 66.30-68.35 units), glassy content from 36.17-43.58%.

The purpose of the research is to increase the productivity of spring barley during herbicidal treatment of weeds, depending on the methods of soil treatment and fertilizers. The research was carried out in 2020-2022 at the experimental field of the laboratory «Agroecology» of the Samara State Agrarian University. In the tillering phase, in the option without fertilizers, weeds were less than in the fertilized one – 35.5 and 41.6 copies/m² or 61.4 and 78.2 g/m², respectively. There was less weed vegetation for plowing both without fertilizers and with fertilizers, compared to other options. The method of surface tillage was superior in the number of weeds by 24 and by 33.3% by weight on a non-ventilated background, by 17.7% by quantity and by 22.8% by weight on a fertilized background. The option without mechanical tillage exceeded the number of weeds by 49.8 and 55.3% by weight on a non-ventilated background, by 38.2.7% by quantity and by 44.4% by weight on a fertilized background. The highest biological efficiency of herbicide treatment (33.3...33.1%) was obtained in the option with the use of fertilizers and the method of tillage – plowing, both in quantity and weight. The efficiency of treatment from weeds for other options of soil tillage using fertilizers was less by 4.5-5.7%. The yield of spring barley grain, both with fertilizers and without fertilizers, was higher in plowing and had an average value of 2.61 t/ha. Surface tillage and no autumn tillage had similar yield values – less by 7.3%. A decrease in the intensity of tillage leads to an increase in the contamination of crops, but the use of modern highly selective herbicides makes it possible to eliminate this negative effect of minimization techniques. The data obtained show that at the time of harvesting the crop, the proportion of weeds in the total biomass of the agrophytocenosis of barley was at low limits in the application options of plowing, surface tillage and without autumn mechanical treatment.

The purpose of the research is to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of stimulating preparations in the cultivation of sunflower hybrids in the conditions of the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region. In the conditions of the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region, comprehensive studies were carried out on crops of sunflower hybrids cultivated using the Clearfild system, when treating crops with stimulating preparations. Research conducted in 2020-2023 allows to conclude that treating crops with stimulating drugs has a positive effect on crop productivity. On average, over four years of research, the yield of hybrids was 20.4-24.9 c/ha with maximum indicators on crops of hybrids 8N358KLDM and LG 5543 KL when crops were treated with preparations from the Maximum Bionovaytik program with indicators of 24.8 and 24.9 c/ha, respectively. The average yield of hybrids for treatments is: control (without treatment) – 21.3 c/ha, Vigor Flower – 22.6 c/ha, Alfastim + Polydon Amino Mix – 23.3 c/ha, Maximum Bionovaytik program – 23, 7 c/ha. Treatment with Alfastim + Polydon Amino Mix and the Maximum Bionovaytik program give a significant increase of 2.0 and 2.4 c/ha compared to the control (without treatment). The oil content of the hybrids is in the range of 46.39-48.56% with the maximum value on the crops of the EC hybrid Novamis SL when the crops are treated with a two-component solution of Alfastim + Polydon Amino Mix. The oil yield depended to a greater extent on the yield of the hybrids and amounted to 9.44-11.85 c/ha with maximum indicators on the crops of hybrids LG 5543 KL and 8N358KLDM with an indicator of 11.81 and 11.85 c/ha.

The purpose of the research is to increase the yield of sunflower hybrids and improve the quality of the products obtained when using complex fertilizers with zinc. The article presents the results of studying the effect of fertilizers with sulfur and zinc on the formation of yield of sunflower hybrids. The studies were conducted in 2022-2023 on hybrids N4X302E, Navara, Ceylon, Flash and N4XE115. The effect of APAVIVA fertilizers on the completeness of seedlings, the safety of plants for harvesting and the formation of the assimilation apparatus of sunflower hybrids is considered. It has been established that fertilizers contribute to increasing yields and oil harvesting, and the best results were achieved when using fertilizers with zinc. The highest productivity was noted in the hybrids of Navara and Ceylon. Navara provided the collection of 28.64 c/ha of seeds and 13.99 c/ha of oil, Ceylon – 29.91 and 11.71 c/ha, respectively. In the variants with sulfur, Navara and Flash provided 29.26 and 26.56 c/ha, respectively, the oil harvest from both hybrids was 12.13 c/ha. A positive effect was revealed on the completeness of seedlings and the safety of plants for harvesting, when applied with zinc fertilizers, reached 93.1 and 91.5%, respectively. The leaf surface area also increases during fertilization, which is noted in all hybrids. In phase 8, pairs of real leaves and budding, the best results were achieved when applying fertilizer with zinc – the largest assimilation surface area was 14.747 and 19.691 thousand m²/ha and was noted on hybrids of Navar and Flush. In the phases of flowering and the beginning of browning of baskets with hybrids of Navar and Flush, 22,186 and 17,923 thousand m²/ha were formed, which was noted in the variants with sulfur.

The purpose of the research is to improve methods for increasing productivity and improving the feed value of hay–pasture grasslands based on smooth brome in the conditions of the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region. Data on the study of photosynthetic activity and feed productivity of perennial grasses with the use of the stimulating drug Gumi-20M are presented. The research was carried out on the grass stands of the fifth-ninth years of life, during 2019-2023. The composition of the grass stands included such species as smooth brome, upright brome, sandy esparcet, blue hybrid alfalfa and bird’s-foot trefoil. The effect of the drug on the photosynthetic activity of smooth brome, yield, proportion of the component and feed advantages during the sweeping / flowering phase with hay harvesting was studied. During the research, the positive effect of the stimulating drug Gumi-20M was revealed. The treated grass stands showed more intensive photosynthetic activity. When using Gumi-20M, the leaf surface area increases, as a result, the photosynthetic potential increases and the net productivity of photosynthesis changes. The leaf surface area in the pure grass stands of the smooth brome increases to 31,141 thousand m²/ha when using the drug, in three-component grass stands, the largest leaf area was noted in legumes – esparcet and alfalfa formed 24,799 and 24,563 thousand m²/ha, respectively. Photosynthetic potential and net photosynthetic productivity also increase with the use of the drug – 0.714 million m²·ha·days and 5.06 g·m²·day, respectively. The yield and feed value increase significantly when using the drug. It was possible to obtain more than 11 tons/ha of high-quality green mass from the treated grass stands. The predominance of the cereal component in the grass stands was revealed, the use of a stimulant partially contributes to an increase in the proportion of legumes. An increase in productivity was also found when legumes, especially esparcet and alfalfa, were included in the grass stands.

The purpose of the research is to develop methods for increasing the productivity of spring barley and minimizing the content of heavy metals through the use of complex organomineral fertilizers on ordinary chernozem in the central agroclimatic zone of the Samara region. In 2022 and 2023, field experiments were carried out to study the effect of various rates of organomineral fertilizers (OMF) on the content of heavy metals in the soil. The gross content and concentration of mobile forms of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe) were below the accepted APC and MPC. The highest value of the gross content of Pb, Zn, Fe and Mn, as well as mobile forms of Fe, was found in the variants with the addition of OMF to the soil at a rate of N₁₅₀P₁₅₀, which exceeds the control by 3.6, 1.5, 1.6, 2.8 and 1.3 times respectively. The highest value of gross copper, 7.2 mg/kg, was observed in the N_100P100 variant, and the mobile forms of Cu, Mn and Zn were observed against the background of ammonium nitrate. The gross content and concentration of mobile cadmium in all variants of the experiment was less than 1.0 mg/kg. Based on the values of the gross content of heavy metals in the soil, the clarks of concentration (Кк) and dispersion (Kp) of elements, as well as the concentration coefficient (Kc), were calculated. In all variants of the experiment, manganese had the highest values of the concentration coefficient Kc of 0.34-0.96 among the studied elements. Next in decreasing relative concentration values are zinc, lead and copper; in the control, Kc is respectively equal to 0.15, 0.12, 0.11. The concentration coefficient of iron varies from 0.10 to 0.17, the element is the most dissipative. Calculation of the soil geochemical index showed that the accumulating element is cadmium, while manganese, zinc, lead, copper and iron are dissipating.

The purpose of the research was to study the influence of a widespread pest of wheat – wheat thrips (Haplothrips tritici) on the baking qualities of soft spring and winter wheat in the forest-steppe of the Samara region. The objectives of the research included: obtaining test samples of undamaged soft wheat grain, as well as undamaged grain with the addition of 3, 6 and 10 % of grain damaged by thrips; laboratory analysis of the baking qualities of the obtained grain samples. The objects of study included soft wheat varieties obtained at the Volga Research Institute of Selectiion and Seed Production named after P. N. Konstantinov and recommendend for cultivation in the Middle Volga and Ural regions: winter wheat Povolzhskaya 86 (lutescens), Povolzhskaya Niva (velutinum), spring wheat Kinelskaya 59, Kinelskaya Otrada and Kinelskaya Yubileinyaya (erythrospermum), as well as a new variety of winter wheat Konstantinovskaya (erythrospermum). The research was carried out in the experimental fields of the Povolzhsky Research Institute of Selection and Seed Production named after P. N. Konstantinov in 2015-2017. The collected material was processed statistically. When the grain content is 3, 6 and 10 % of grains damaged by wheat thrips larvae, in winter wheat varieties Povolzhskaya 86, Povolzhskaya Niva and spring wheat Kinelskaya 59 and Kinelskaya Yubileinyaya, the grain quality corresponds to class II strong. However, when the grain of winter wheat of the Konstantinovskaya variety contains more than 3 % (in experiments 6 and 10 %), spring wheat variety Kinelskaya Otrada more than 6 % (in experiments 10 %) of grains damaged by wheat thrips, grain quality corresponds to valuable class III, which makes it necessary to determine the degree of damage to wheat grain by wheat thrips after harvesting.

The purpose of the research is to evaluate the effectiveness of milking high-quality colostrum from Bestuzhev cows to Holstein bulls, depending on the volume of the first portion. Bulls for research were selected with a live weight of 42.0 kg, colostrum from cows of the Bestuzhev breed was taken with a density of 1,064-1,065 g/cm³, which corresponds to the content of immunoglobulins 97.8-100.7 g/l. Four groups were formed from newborn calves, depending on the volume of the first colostrum portion relative to their body weight: l group – 5%; ll group – 6.0%, lll group – 7.0%; IV group – 8.0%. As a result of drinking the first portion, calves consumed more colostrum per 1 kg of body weight compared to the l group: in the ll group – by 20.0%, in the lll group – by 40.0%, in the IV group – by 60.0%. Immunoglobulins were adsorbed in the body of experimental bulls by 19.8; 40.5; 59.5%, respectively. The required level of immunoglobulin content in the blood of calves that received the first portion of colostrum in the amount of 7-8% of their body weight was reached 5 hours after drinking the first portion of colostrum, which significantly increases the body's resistance to adverse factors. The high level of colostral immunity allowed to reduce the disease incidence of bull calves of lll and IV groups by 33.3-46.6%. It was found that before the age of 10 days, the organs of the gastrointestinal tract were mainly affected, and at a later age – the organs of the respiratory system. The decrease in the disease incidence contributed to a more intensive growth and development of calves, as a result, when removed from fattening at the age of 18 months, their live weight was 55.8-68.8 kg (11.7-14.5%) more.