Vol 11, No 2 (2026)

The objectives of the research were to determine the agro-physical properties of the soil depending on the use of plant residue destructors and nitrogen fertilizer in various soil treatments in the conditions of the South of Western Siberia. The research results showed that the use of microbiological preparations in combination with ploughing and discing improved the agro-physical properties of the soil compared to the control options. The density of the soil during the studied periods was sufficient for the cultivation of spring wheat and peas. In a later selection of soil samples, the density increased and the value approached the equilibrium density. It was found that the gray forest heavy loamy soil has 44.3% of agronomically valuable aggregates with a size of 0.25-1 mm when using the Biocomposite preparation. Due to these agrophysical properties of the studied soil, both ploughing and surface tillage can be used. Currently, the conducted research is relevant in various regions, including the Kemerovo Region-Kuzbass. The objects of research are spring wheat and pea crops, as well as the preparations for the destruction of plant residues based on the fungus Trichoderma and a consortium of bacteria that promote the improvement and restoration of soil fertility. In the field experiment, studies were conducted using conventional methods. When sowing spring wheat, the highest soil porosity was 58.78%, and when sowing peas, it was 61.24%. Surface tillage also contributed to the greatest results, with the yield of the studied crops being almost on the same level as that of mouldboard ploughing. The maximum yield of spring wheat was 1.25 t/ha, and that of peas was 1.51 t/ha. The use of a bacterial-based preparation contributed to a greater increase in the yield of spring wheat and peas. Based on the data obtained, an opinion is formed on the rational use of destructive agents to preserve the most optimal agrophysical properties of the soil and increase the yield of cultivated crops.

The purpose of the research is to identify apple clonal rootstocks, characterized by high indicators of economically valuable traits and productivity during reproduction in the mother plantation. 12 rootstock forms of various vigor of growth (dwarf, semi-dwarf and medium-sized) in the vertical layers’ mother plantation were studied. The yield of standard layers of more than 60% was provided by the rootstock forms P-60, Malysh Budagovskogo, 62-396, 70-6-8, 54-118. In the rootstocks of Michurinsk 19, Ural 5 and Michurinsk 210, this indicator varied within 50... 60%. Less than 50% of the standard layers produced the forms 2-9-102, 70-20-20, 83-1-15 and Michurinsk 12. The average layering length in dwarf rootstocks was 52...76 cm, in semi-dwarf and medium-sized ones - 62...98 cm. The lowest branching of the layers (up to 1.3 points) was characterized by the rootstock forms P-60, 62-396, Malysh Budagovskogo, 70-6-8 and 54-118, the average (1.4...1.9 points) – Michurinsk 19, 70-20-20, Ural 5, 2-9-102 and Michurinsk 210, the highest (2.0 points or more) – 83-1-15 and Michurinsk 12. The rooting ability of the layers averaged 3.0...4.0 points over 2 years. Layering was best rooted in the forms Michurinsk 12, 62-396, Malysh Budagovskogo and Michurinsk 210. The reproductive rate of mother bushes of dwarf clonal rootstocks varied on average between 1.6...5.0, semi-dwarf and medium-sized rootstocks – 2.4...4.8 pcs./bush. The rootstock forms 62-396, Malysh Budagovskogo, 70-6-8, 54-118 and Michurinsk 210 provided the most standard layering from one bush. Rootstocks 62-396, Malysh Budagovskogo, 70-6-8 and 54-118 had high productivity of mother plantations (more than 50 thousand/ha of standard layers). The rootstock forms Michurinsk 12 and 83-1-15 were the least productive in terms of standard layering output (19.6...20.2 thousand/ha). According to the complex of economically valuable features in the conditions of the Middle Volga region, the following forms were distinguished: 62-396, Malysh Budagovskogo, 70-6-8, 54-118 and, partly, Michurinsk 210.

The aim of the research is to substantiate the component and proportional composition of biogasoline for the diesel engines based on its physicochemical and operational properties. A promising motor fuel for the diesel engines of an automotive and a tractor equipment is biogasoline, which is a biofuel composition based on aviation gasoline with the addition of vegetable oil. It is recommended to use camelina oil (RyzhM) as a bioadditive to an aviation gasoline, as it surpasses other vegetable oils in the main indicators of technological and physicochemical properties (oil content, kinematic viscosity, pour point, refractive index, iodine number, the presence of higher fatty acids with antifriction and antiwear properties). To confirm the component and proportional composition of the proposed biogasoline, which meets the requirements of GOST 32511-2013 for petroleum diesel fuel (BAT), laboratory studies were conducted to determine six indicators of physical and chemical properties (density, kinematic viscosity, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content, sulfur content, cold filter plugging point and pour point) and four indicators of the operational properties (mass fraction of water, corrected wear scar diameter, total contamination and net calorific value) in comparison with similar indicators of summer and winter grades of petroleum diesel fuel. The results of the studies show that biogasoline of the composition Avgas 100LL+RyzhM based on aviation gasoline Avgas 100LL with the addition of camelina oil in a volume of 40% to 60% meets the standard indicators of physicochemical and operational properties, and in terms of lubricating ability and content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons it exceeds the BAT.

The main disadvantage of chiseling the soil is the high energy intensity of the process. Tthe feature of chisel working bodies is the loosening of the soil with tools that detach it from the monolith. However, when loosening the soil with chisel working bodies, no "plow sole" is formed. The purpose of the research is to identify the best chisel tools based on the following indicators: engine power, productivity, grip width, weight, specific metal consumption, and their energy intensity. 20 domestic and foreign chisel tools were analyzed according to their technical characteristics, which included engine power, productivity, grip width, weight, specific metal consumption, and energy consumption. The research methodology is based on a comprehensive analysis of statistical indicators of the technical characteristics and energy intensity of chisel tools. The article presents histograms of the distribution of the technical characteristics and energy intensity of the chisel tools by brand, respectively. The results of calculating statistical indicators of the technical characteristics and energy intensity of chisel tools are presented. The SVAROG PCH-6 has the highest tractor engine power, which is necessary for aggregation with chisel tools, productivity, grip width, and weight, while the PCH–1,4 has the lowest. At the same time, the lowest energy consumption is observed in the ASF-2.1, the highest in the deep-well GNK-4 Dobrynya. The lowest specific metal consumption of the chisel plow is 2.5, the maximum is 4.5PACK. An increase in tractor engine power leads to an increase in the productivity of the chisel tool according to a linear relationship, which confirms the correlation coefficient R² = 0.7761. Chisel tools with a larger grip width and weight also have higher productivity. The dependence of productivity on the grip width is linear (R² = 0.8248) and logarithmic on mass (R² = 0.6161). There is a power-law relationship between the specific metal consumption and the mass of chisel tools, which is confirmed by the coefficient R² = 0.7004. An increase in the mass of chisel tools leads to an increase in specific metal consumption.

The objective of this research was to identify the conformation and exterior characteristics of Hereford cattle within the breeding farms of the Samara region. This paper presents an analysis of exterior characteristics, live weight, milkiness and fatness of first-calf cows across four breeding centers in the region. It was established that first-calf cows from the "Kolos" LLC herd exhibited the highest live weight, averaging 464 kg, which exceeds the breed standard by 34.7 kg (8.1%). This group also received the highest exterior conformation score of 84.86 points. Cattle from "K.H. Polyanskoe" LLC were characterized by superior growth, reaching 127.5 cm at the withers and 132.0 cm at the rump. These cows also demonstrated the widest chest (45.3 cm) and the largest chest girth. In contrast, first-calf cows from the "Yug Povolzhya" LLC herd possessed a shallow but elongated body (164.6 cm) and a narrow pelvis. The "K.H. Volgar" LLC herd was characterized by shorter growth, a relatively large hindquarter semi-girth, a narrow but deep chest, and a shorter body length (158.2 cm). The wide and deep chest of the first group (Kolos LLC) resulted in a higher massiveness index of 144.94%, which is 2.05 percentage points (p.p.) higher than that of the "K.H. Volgar" group. The massiveness indices for the third and fourth groups were nearly identical. Among all groups, a moderate overgrowth index (102–103%) was observed, with relatively uniform bone development (cannon bone index not exceeding 15.38%). Regarding maternal performance, the highest milkiness was recorded in the "Yug Povolzhya" LLC herd at 188.4 kg, surpassing the "K.H. Volgar" group by 3.9 kg and the third group by 2.5 kg. Based on these studies, primary directions for selective breeding have been outlined to correct the identified conformation deficiencies.

The aim of the study was to determine the possibility of increasing meat productivity and beef production efficiency by interbreeding beef cattle of domestic and foreign selection. The paper presents the results of a control slaughter and morphometric evaluation of carcasses of purebred Kalmyk bull-calves and first-generation crossbreeds obtained by mating Kalmyk cows with Aberdeen Angus and Hereford bulls. The study was conducted on bull-calves raised using the “cow-calf” technology up to 6 months of age, followed by finishing in an outdoor feedlot until 18 months. It was found that, due to the manifestation of the heterosis effect, the crossbred young animals surpassed their purebred herdmates in all indicators characterizing slaughter qualities. At slaughter at 18 months of age, Kalmyk crossbreeds with Aberdeen Angus and Hereford exceeded purebred bull-calves in pre-slaughter weight by 26.9 kg (5.98%) and 43.0 kg (9.56%), hot carcass weight by 24.0 kg (9.37%) and 32.4 kg (12.66%), its yield by 1.8% and 1.6%, slaughter weight by 27.3 kg (10.34%) and 30.7 kg (11.62%), and slaughter yield by 2.4% and 1.1%, respectively. Crossbred carcasses were characterized by larger linear dimensions: carcass length in Hereford crossbreeds reached 211.4 cm, in Aberdeen Angus crossbreeds – 201.8 cm, compared with 191.1 cm in purebreds; hip girth in crossbreeds was 6.0–6.8 cm greater. The greatest increase in carcass weight was observed in Hereford crossbreeds, whereas Aberdeen Angus crossbreeds were distinguished by the highest internal fat deposition (11.4 kg). In terms of morphometric coefficients characterizing meatiness, Aberdeen Angus crossbreeds took the lead: they surpassed purebred young animals in the carcass fullness coefficient by 4.79% and 2.46%, and in the hip completion coefficient by 4.18% and 1.79%. The data obtained confirm the expediency of using interbreeding to improve slaughter qualities and the morphological composition of carcasses in beef cattle breeding.

The aim of this study was to optimize the breeding process by utilizing the positive interplay of exterior measurements, conformation score, and body condition with the live weight of 3- and 5-year-old cows in breeding farms of the region. Exterior measurements were taken from 800 cows (3 and 5 years old) across four breeding farms in the region, with 200 animals in each group. It was found that a high positive correlation (ranging from 0.74 to 0.86, with regression coefficients of 34.80-39.02 kg) exists between animal body condition and live weight in 3-year-old cows. For 5-year-old cows, this correlation ranged from 0.62 to 0.82, with regression coefficients of 27.30-35.50 kg. A moderate positive correlation of varying magnitudes was observed between live weight and all body measurements in animals of both ages and across different farms. Specifically, a correlation coefficient exceeding 0.60 for live weight was noted with hip width in 3-year-old cows of the first group. A high correlation with chest girth was observed in cows of this group (0.68) and in cows of the second group (0.78). With increasing age, the strength of these associations somewhat decreased: for live weight and hip width, it fell to 0.46 in Group 1 cows and 0.33 in Group 2 cows. For chest girth, correlations decreased to 0.63 in Group 1 and 0.59 in Group 2. Conversely, these values remained stable in Group 3 cows and even slightly increased in Group 4 animals. This trend of declining live weight dependence was also observed for other body measurements. The correlation of live weight with conformation score ranged from 0.40 to 0.55 across cows of all farms and ages. A correlation was also established between live weight and milk yield in 3- and 5-year-old cows. It can be concluded that the live weight of cows across different farms and age groups shows varying correlations with body measurements and body condition. These findings can be effectively utilized to guide selection strategies within specific breeding operations.

The purpose of the research is to increase the reproductive qualities of Kalmyk beef cattle in the foothill province of the Republic of Dagestan. The paper shows the results of growing purebred calves of Kalmyk cattle in the winter and spring season of birth. The live weight of calves of the winter season of birth during the period of weaning (8-months) was 188.4 kg, their advantage over herd mates was 8.2% higher. At 15 months of age, heifers of group I had a live weight of 295.0 kg, they were 7.5% heavier than their herd mates, the difference is significant (P < 0.01). The high growth intensity of experimental calves can be judged at the age of 18 months, where calves of the winter birth season reached live weight of 351.7 kg, animals of the second group 326.8 kg, the difference in favor of the first was 24.9 kg. For the entire growing period in the heifers of the winter birth season the average daily growth was higher by 46 g or 8.3% compared to herd mates. The first signs of puberty in heifers of the winter birth season were noted at the age of 282.6 days, and in herd mates of the spring season at 289.4 days, respectively. This indicator of heifers of group I indicates an earlier manifestation of the sexual sign by 6.8 days or 2.4%. Relatively early completion of puberty was diagnosed in animals of the winter season of birth by 14 days or 4.1%. During the period of fruitful insemination of experimental heifers, their age varied from 517-526 days with the advantage of heifers of the winter birth season for 9 days or 1.74%. The fertilization rate of heifers from the first copulation of the winter birth season was 20% higher than that of the herd mates of the spring birth season.