Vol 7, No 1 (2022)

The purpose of the research is to develop ways of soil reclamation applying phosphogypsum for spring barley crops on chernozemic soil growing under the conditions of the central agro-climatic zone of the Samara region. The studies were conducted in 2019-2021. The soil is ordinary medium loamy chernozemic with A1 horizon up to 50-60 cm. Full shoots of spring barley of the Berkut variety under the conditions of the central agro-climatic zone of the Samara region come up on the 7th day after seeding have been performed, there is no effect on this process both of mineral fertilizers and phosphogypsum. Their influence begins to manifest itself later. The introduction of phosphogypsum into the soil at a rate of 1.5-4.5 t / ha increases the vegetation of spring barley by 3-4 days, the use of phosphogypsum at a rate of 6.0 t / ha - by 5 days. The introduction of phosphogypsum into the soil against the background of the use of Ammophos in the norm of 100 kg/ha in gross weight, or 12 kg /ha - N and 52 kg/ha - P2O5 of the primary material, contributes to an increase of grain, on average by 5.9-9.5% - up to 710-734 g/l, the content of fat and ash in absolutely dry matter, respectively by 3.4-14.2 and 4.5-20.3% and free nitrogen extract - с 69.2% до 72.7%. The maximum values of these indicators were noted on the variants with the introduction of phosphogypsum 4.5 and 6.0 t per 1 ha. Economically, it is most expedient to apply phosphogypsum at a rate of 4.5 t/ha for spring barley of the Berkut variety on ordinary chernozemic soil of the central agro-climatic zone of the Samara region. The use of the above norm of phosphogypsum (6.0 t/ha) does not provide a significant increase of yield, leads to an increase of the production cost, a decrease of profitability of works and inefficient use of ameliorant.

The purpose of the research is the yield of lentils increase by stabilizing the phytosanitary of the seed material. A number of aspects (the consumer prefers other legumes, a small number of markets, low yield, high demands of the crop for agrotechnical terms, weather conditions and cultivation technologies) reduces the interest of farmers to the cultivation of lentils. Sergievsky area of the Samara region is referred to the risk farming territory, so the production of agricultural crops here is unstable from year to year. Crop losses reach up to 35% annually due to pests, diseases and weeds. The conditions for increasing the yield and improving its quality are the following: control of the phytosanitary of crops, seed material, as well as the sowing of varieties resistant to diseases. In the last five years, the area of lentil cultivation by the farms of the Sergievsky district of the Samara region includes territory between 320...2109 hectares. The size of the planting acreage is unstable, since the main aspect in solving the need for cultivating a crop is dependence on the market for its sale. The seed material intended for sowing in 2020 was mainly attacked by fungal diseases and only minor part (4%) by bacterial ones, the damage of non-infectious diseases with an unknown etiology was noted amounting to (10%). The highest lentil yield was obtained in 2018 by the management of «KAPK - Invest» LLC - reaching 13.5 c/ha, which is 4.8 c/ha higher than the average yield figure obtained in the Samara region, and 2.2 c/ha higher than the average regional yield obtained in 2018. The use of this experience achievement in agricultural production, namely, the study of stabilizing variants for the phyto-sanitary level of the seed material, will increase gross lentil yield.

The purpose of the research is to improve cultivation technology of agricultural crops using innovative engineering designed for application of liquid nitrogen chemical fertilizers based on carbamide-ammonia mixture. Agrochemical measures with the use of innovative liquid nitrogen chemical fertilizers based on a carbamide-ammonia mixture (CAM) with addition of sulfur according to innovative engineering and technology are the most important and advanced factors in production of crop products. Research of innovative methods and technical means for applying fertilizer solution of the carbamide-ammonia mixture for a number of years (2018-2021) was carried out jointly with specialists of PJSC KuibyshevAzot and JSC Eurotechnika involving main agricultural crops of the Volga region (Samara region) - wheat (spring and winter), corn, sunflower, soy - in the fields of the Samara State Agricultural University and agricultural enterprises of the Samara, Volgograd, Orenburg, Ulyanovsk and Penza regions. The technologies and technical means studied during experiments provide the possibility of using carbamide-ammonia mixture in various ways: subsurface, in the form of foliage application, superficially along the vegetative part of plants and combined. The existing technologies and technical means of applying liquid nitrogen fertilizers based on carbamide-ammonia mixture were systematized. Comparative tests were carried out to assess the advantages of standard liquid nitrogen fertilizer CAM-32 (32% - N) and innovative nitrogen-sulfur-containing - CAM + S (24-26% - N and about 4% - S). Methods of applying liquid nitrogen fertilizers based on carbamide-ammonia mixture have been developed. The obtained research results will move agricultural enterprises to increase the yield of cultivated crops and their efficiency, especially in conditions of insufficient moisture with both high atmospheric and soil temperatures and taking into regard predicted global warming.

The purpose of the research is the morpho-chemistry blood value determination of high producing cows depending on the lactation period. The studies were carried out involving Holstein breed with a milk yield of 8500 kg or more. One group of cows-analogues was formed in regard to age, productivity and directional selection. Studies of blood chemical values were carried out during peak and end of lactation. Based on the conducted studies, it was found that milk productivity of cows, depending on the lactation period, affects blood values. During peak lactation of cows, the content of: erythrocytes by 1.06 1012/l, segmented neutrophils - by 3.80%, monocytes - by 1.06%, stab neutrophils - by 2.95%, hemoglobin - by 22.70 g/l, and in the blood serum: calcium by 0.16 mmol/l, glucose - by 0.48 mmol/l, total protein - by 18.23 g/l more than at the end of lactation. During the period of less intensive milk production and an increase of pregnancy period the content of platelets in blood is higher by 24.49 109/l, basophils - by 1.04%, in-organic phosphorus - by 0.16% compared to the lactation peak period. The ratio of the albumin-globulin coefficient was higher than the threshold level during the period of peak lactation by 0.24, and at the end of lactation by 0.45. An increase of albumin-globulin coefficient confirms a decrease of calcium content in the blood serum. The mor-pho-chemical blood values of cows, taking into account the lactation period, can serve as base for developing of feeding technology, keeping high producing cows to prevent metabolic disorders by the end of lactation and correction during the dry period.

The aim of the study was to determine the morphology of kidney vascularization of the South Ural sheep. The Kidney of the South Ural sheep was taken for the study. The studied animals were bred and slaughtered on one of the Sorochinsky private subsidiary farms of Orenburg region. The studies were carried out at the Department of Morphology, Physiology and Pathology of the Orenburg State Agrarian University. During the study of the arterial bed of a kidney, it was discovered that the vascularization of kidneys of animals is performed by the renal arteries,interlobular and arcuate arteries. Renal arteries of the first order originate from the abdominal aorta within the zone of the second or third lumbar vertebrae. It is found that both right and left renal arteries most often originate at the same level within the zone of the spine second and third lumbar vertebrae. On its way, the renal artery of the first order gives off smaller vessels of the second order, which supply blood to the renal pelvis, duct, fibroid and adipose capsule of the organ. At the hilum of the kidney, the renal artery divides into cranial, median, and caudal vessels. Vascularization of kidneys of sheep of the South Ural breed is performed by the renal arteries, which branch off from the abdominal aorta within the zone of the second or third lumbar vertebrae. Branching of the renal arteries occurs in various types, but the most common one is dichotomous, organic to the vessels of the second and tertiary order and arcuate arteries. For vessels of the third and fifth orders a loose type of branching is marked. Blood efflux from kidneys is performed through venous vessels with the same name and type of branching.

The purpose of the research is to improve the quality and nutritional value of alfalfa haylage due to the use of the «GreenGrass 3x3» bioconservative during harvesting. The research was carried out on the dairy complex of LLC «Radna» of the Samara region. The research material is alfalfa haylage prepared with «GreenGrass 3x3» a bioconservative of a new generation. The object of research is the Holstein first-calf cows of German breed and the first-calf cows of the Ayrshire breed of the Finnish selection. When haylage with bioconservative introduced into the diet of lactating cows, milk yield for 305 days of the first lactation increased from Holstein cows by 6.2%, Ayrshire cows - by 7.7%; the fat content in milk, respectively, by 0.09 and 0.07%; protein - by 0.11 and 0.13%. Dividing the lactation period into three parts, in accordance with the physiological state of cows, it was found that during the first 100 days of lactation, the increase of milk yields is 10.3-11.6%, the second portion of 100 days - 3.3-7.3% and the third one of 100 days - 0.9-3.1%. The difference between the control and experimental groups in terms of fat and protein content in milk remains until the end of lactation. In the portion of fat globules of milk from cows of the exper-imental groups, the proportion with a diameter of 3 microns or more increased by 1.41 and 3.69%, which amounted to 48.16 and 51.72% of the total number of fat globules in milk fat and significantly improved the processing proper-ties of milk. Milk consumption for the production of 1 kg of butter decreased in regard to Holstein cows by 2.4%, Ayrshire - by 2.3%, while the butter output increased, respectively, by 3.0 and 2.4%.