Bulletin Samara State Agricultural Academy

The purpose of the research was to study the prevalence and harmfulness of common pests of spring rape and cabbage, including cabbage moth (Plutella xylostella) and the development of control measures in the conditions of the Southern Urals. The objects of research were varieties and hybrids of spring rapeseed and cabbage, harmful organisms and plant protection products. It was found out that more than 30 species and groups of harmful organisms cause some kind of damage to spring rapeseed and cabbage. The best results for the protection of spring rapeseed Flagship variety were obtained when treated with insecticides from pests, including cabbage moths according to the scheme: 1st treatment phase 3-4 real leaves, Tsepellin, CE – 0.15 l/ha + Dexter, CS – 0.3 l/ha at a working solution consumption of 200 l/ha; 2-treatment: phase – end of flowering, Rogor-C, CE – 1.0 l / ha + Tsepellin, CE – 0.15 l/ha + Bit 90, W – 0.2 l/ha, at the flow rate of the working solution – 300 l/ha. The biological efficiency against cabbage moth caterpillars was 97.4% with the highest yield in the experiment of 2.18 t/ha. The use of insecticides in different phases of growth and development of cabbage has allowed to preserve the harvest and provide an increase in yield. In the control (without treatments), the average yield for three years for the Gift variety was 12.5 t/ha, for the Favorite F1 hybrid – 14.9 t/ha. The use of protection scheme No. 1 on the Gift variety allowed to obtain a yield of 32.6 t/ha, on the Favorite F1 hybrid – 49.9 t/ ha, and schemes No. 2 – 31.6 t/ha Gift and 47.0 t / ha – Favorite F1.

The results of determining the values of germination energy, germination, linear growth, weight of parts, sugar content in spring wheat plants in the phenological phase of the third leaf are presented. Compared with the option without fertilizers, all the preparations used had a positive effect on the germination energy of spring wheat seeds – by 4.2 % mineral fertilizers and potassium humate, by 5.6% albite, the greatest effect was exerted by the use of aminocate – by 8.3 %. The germination of spring wheat seeds in all variants of the experiment was high and reached a maximum value of 100%. The efficiency indices (leff ℓ) and (leff m) of the use of fertilizers, biologically active substances and potassium humate for linear growth of spring wheat plants is a dimensionless value, differences in options relative to the option without fertilizers amounted to more than 7...15% for mineral fertilizers, 13...18% for albite and potassium humate, the highest efficiency was It is determined in the variant from the introduction of aminocate by 20 ... 26%. The differences regarding the variant of the lowest concentration of this fertilizer amounted to 10...12% for albite, 6...9% for potassium humate, the highest efficiency was determined for aminocate – 20...33%, respectively. A low variation in signs of germination energy, grain germination, linear growth, plant weight and sugar content was found, the coefficients of variation are from 4% to 9%. The average variation of the signs is established for the indicators plant height and plant weight, the coefficients are from 11% to 14%. The linear regression of the indices of linear growth efficiency (lff ℓ) and plant mass (lff m) to the variable germination energy (%) increases and is a positive value. The coefficient of determination R2 (the square of the correlation coefficient) is close to one.

The article presents data on the study of the effect of organomineral fertilizers on the yield of food potatoes in the conditions of the Non-Chernozem zone of the Ryazan region. The research was carried out on food potatoes of the Vimpel variety in the conditions of the Agrotechnopark Unit of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of the Ryazan Region, in 2021-2023. According to the research results, it was established that the introduction of an organomineral fertilizer into the soil based on a spent mushroom compound stimulated the plastic and energy metabolism of plants, growth processes; It contributed to the acceleration of the pace of development during the entire growing season of the studied crop, as a result, created prerequisites for increasing potato yields. The use of compost in potato growing had an impact on biometric indicators, crop structure and crop productivity. At the same time, fertilization did not affect the germination of potatoes and the rate of onset of phenological phases of development. On average, full potato shoots on all variants of the experiment appeared on the twentieth day after planting and were quite friendly. With the use of mushroom compost, the potato yield varied from 270.8 to 287.1 c/ha. Its maximum increase was obtained in the variant with the addition of fresh mushroom compost: +37.3 c/ha. The marketability of potato tubers when applying rotted compost was 84.8%, when applying fresh compost – 89.6%. The optimal ratio of protein and starch is observed in tubers with options with the addition of fresh compost – 1:11 and rotted – 1:12, which indicates high culinary qualities. The use of organomineral fertilizer in potato cultivation had a positive effect on the vitamin C content in the direction of an increase to 3.38%. It was found that when using an organomineral fertilizer based on a spent substrate of champignons, an increase in marketability, yield and quality of potatoes of the Vimpel variety is observed.

The purpose of the research is to experimentally determine the agrotechnical and energy parameters of an experimental rotary harrow as part of a modular trailed cultivator KMP–14 for fallow tillage and to confirm the compliance of the unit as a whole with the traction and power characteristics of tractors of traction class 5. The article presents a new rotary harrow for the modular trailed cultivator KPM-14 manufactured by Volgaagromash LLC to improve the quality of continuous pre-sowing and fallow tillage. The results of laboratory and field studies are presented, including agrotechnical and energy assessments of the work of the KMP-14 modular trailed cultivator with a rotary harrow on fallow tillage in an aggregate with a K-744R1 tractor. The results of laboratory and field studies confirmed the improvement in the quality of soil cultivation. Retrofitting the cultivator of the modular trailed KMP-14 with a rotary harrow increases the quality of crumbling of the treated soil layer by 88,6-93,5%, and reduces the number of large lumps of soil (over 50 mm) by more than 40%. The ridges of the soil surface also decrease by more than 20%. According to energy indicators, the modular trailer cultivator KMP-14, equipped with a rotary harrow, corresponds to the traction and power tractors characteristics of traction class 5 and ensures the performance of the technological process of fallow tillage at speed up to 11.8 km/h with an acceptable level of slipping.

The purpose of the research is to substantiate the age and live weight of Holstein heifers at the first artificial insemination. Experimental studies were conducted on inseminated heifers at the age of 13 months with different live weight, from which 3 groups of animals of 10 heads each were formed, taking into account live weight. The first group of animals with a live weight at the first insemination of 360 kg, the 2nd group – 380 kg, the 3rd group – 400 kg. Using the methods of timing and visual observation, the following indicators were studied in the studied groups of heifers: pregnancy, the course of childbirth and the postpartum period, restoration of reproductive function after calving, milk productivity and milk quality indicators. Based on the conducted studies, it was found that the live weight of heifers and age at the first insemination have a significant impact on their reproductive ability, as well as on the reproductive function of the first heifers and, subsequently, on the level of milk productivity and milk quality indicators. The optimal live weight during the first insemination of Holstein heifers is a live weight of 380 kg, which provides an increase in fertilization by 10%, reduces the age of the first calving, the period of fruitful insemination by 3-7 days, increases the level of milk productivity by 2.3% and does not reduce the quality of milk.

The purpose of the research is to increase the meat productivity of young cattle and the efficiency of beef production by using the high potential of meat qualities of specialized meat breeds when crossed with cows of the combined direction of productivity. In our studies, we analyze the results of crossing Simmental cows with Hereford and Belgian Blue bulls in a comparative aspect with purebred young Simmental breeds. Data on meat qualities after control slaughter of young animals of different origins and the yield of individual cuts of bull carcasses at the age of 18 months are given. Interbreed crossing had a positive effect on the development of meat qualities of crossbred young animals. The carcass weight of the Belgian Blue cross breed was 15.3%, more than the carcass weight of the Simmental bulls and 8.0% more than that of the Hereford bull crossbreed. The superiority of crossbred bulls from Hereford bulls over purebred peers in this indicator was 6.8%. The highest carcass yield was found in half-breeds of the Belgian blue breed - 60.3%, which is 2.8% more than in group 5. Half-blooded animals with Hereford blood had a carcass yield of 1.7% more than purebred Simmentals. The carcasses of bulls of all studied groups were distinguished by good development of muscle and adipose tissue. Crossbred descendants of the Belgian Blue and Hereford bulls had the highest weight and higher yield of the most valuable cuts of the carcass: dorsal-thoracic and hip, in comparison with bulls of the Simmental breed. Purebred bulls of the Simmental breed had more output of the scapulohumeral and lumbar parts.

The purpose of the study is to determine the effect of administering a probiotic based on B. amyloliquefaciens on the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract and the productivity of young goats. The probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens VKPM B-11475 at a dose of 4×10⁹ and 4×10⁷ CFU, produced in the research laboratory of the Peasant (Farmer) Farm «Evgeniy Pavlovich Tsirulev», was administered in freeze-dried form to two-month-old goats every day for a month. The animals' bodies developed stably and the studied vital parameters were within physiologically determined limits. Adding the probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens to the main diet made it possible to activate metabolic reactions in the body due to the vital activity of beneficial microflora. The use of a probiotic in animals led to a more rapid restoration of vital microflora, which ensured the leveling of the effect and displacement of pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli from the animal’s body. The administration of a probiotic leads to an increase in the adaptive and productive indicators of small cattle.

The purpose of the study was to study the effect of the immunomodulator Forvet on the relative increase in the weight and length of the broiler cross Ross -308 embryo. The article presents the results of the effectiveness of pre-incubation treatment of eggs with 1% and 2% Forvet solutions. The experiment was carried out on the basis of a peasant farm in the Bessonovsky district of the Penza region. The experiment was based on three batches of hatching eggs of the ROSS-308 cross (I experimental, II experimental, control) of 30 pieces each, using the principle of analogues. The first experimental batch was treated with a 1% Forvet solution before being placed in the incubator, the second experimental batch was treated with a 2% solution and the control batch was not treated. For research, 5 eggs were selected from each group at 10, 12, 15, 17, 19 and 21 days of age. Selection was carried out at the same time. Embryos were weighed on laboratory scales AND DL-2000. As a result of the experiment, it was found that the greatest relative weight gain of broiler cross ROSS-308 embryos was achieved in the second experimental group – 33.3%, compared to the control, where the relative gain was 27.35%. In the first experimental group, on day 17, the embryos weighed 2.18 g less than their peers from the second experimental group, and the difference in relative growth was 3.07%. Analyzing the dynamics of the relative increase in embryo length, it was found that, with an increase in the incubation period, this indicator decreased in the 1st experimental group by three times from 31.5 to 10.47%, in the 2nd experimental group by 3.4 times from 25.91 to 7.62% and in the control group 2.61 times.