Vol 7, No 4 (2022)

The purpose of the research is to develop methods for increasing soil fertility by introducing phosphogypsum on alkaline chernozem in the conditions of the Samara region. The effect of the introduction of various norms of phosphogypsum (1,5, 3,0, 5,0 t/ha) on alkaline chernozem against the background of N120P60K60 on soil structure, the reaction of the soil environment and the content of absorbed bases, and on the formation of winter wheat productivity was studied. Field experiments were laid in 2019-2022 on the territory of a pilot site in the central agroecological zone of the Samara region. The soil is alkaline medium loamy chernozem with a thickness of humus horizon up to 50-60 cm. Phosphogypsum was applied against the background of the use of the mineral fertilizer Ammophos (NH4H2PO4 + (NH4)2HPO4). One half of the calculated norm was introduced by spreading for pre-sowing cultivation, and the second - when sowing through the fertilizer dispenser of the seeder. Field experiments were accompanied by the necessary observations and analyses. When phosphogypsum is applied to the soil, the processes of structure formation are activated, stable granules with a diameter of 1-3 mm are formed in a layer of 0-10 cm, an improvement in the morphological structure of the soil is observed. The application of nitrogen fertilizer in combination with phosphogypsum (5 t/ha) contributes to the activation of microbiological processes in the soil by 67-87 %. On natural and elevated backgrounds on alkaline chernozem, the annual application of phosphogypsum and mineral fertilizers at a dose of N40P40K40 improves the supply of soil with mobile compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, increasing the level of effective fertility. The growth and development of cultivated crops increases at a dose of phosphogypsum of 2 t/ha, the yield of winter wheat significantly increases (by 19.3%).

The purpose of the research is to increase the efficiency of harvesting technologies in the cultivation of buckwheat. The experience was laid down according to two-factor scheme in 4-fold repetition. 4 hybrid populations were selected, which are in the selection study at the stage of competitive variety testing. The Chatyr Tau variety of Tatar Research Institute of Agriculture selection is taken as a standard. Separate harvesting was carried out at the ripening of 75% of seeds on buckwheat plants. The plots were mowed into rolls with a cut height of 15-18 cm. Selection and threshing of rolls was carried out to achieve optimal moisture content of grain and straw. Tornado 500 preparation was taken as a desiccant, the active substance of which is glyphosate (isopropylamine salt) with a concentration of 500 g/l. The rate of consumption of the drug is 2 l / ha. The processing of variants was carried out at the ripening of 80% of the fruits. 7-10 days after processing, at a plant humidity of 20-24%, direct harvesting of plots was carried out. The varietal responsiveness of genotypes was revealed by the yield and quality indicators of grain. The K-874 cultivar turned out to be the most responsive to the treatment of plants with glyphosate. The grain gain during direct compounding was 0.43 t/ha with a simultaneous decrease in grain filminess by 2.31%. There was also a decrease in the mass of thousand seeds by 1.7 g and the grain size by 8 g/l. With separate harvesting, the K-874 varietal also exceeded the grain yield standard (1.67 t/ha). The Chatyr Tau standard showed a negative reaction to the use of a desiccant - compared with separate harvesting, the yield decreased by 0.46 t/ha and the nature decreased by 16 g/l, the filminess and weight of thousands of fruits increased. The K-899 cultivar during direct harvesting with preliminary desiccation of plants slightly reduced grain yield (0.02 t/ha), while better grain was obtained due to a decrease in the weight of the near-fruit and an increase in fruit fulfillment. During the desiccation of plants with glyphosate, the K-850 and K-990 samples formed a larger and more complete grain, but the grain yield was lower than during separate harvesting.

The purpose of the research is to improve the methods of cultivating corn hybrids for grain when applying fertilizers to the planned yield using stimulating preparations of the Yara Vita system. Corn responds well to fertilizers, sufficient supply of nutrients is necessary for the formation of a high yield. The effectiveness of fertilizers is strongly dependent on climatic and weather conditions during the growing season. It was decided to combine the application of mineral fertilizers, the treatment of crops with liquid mineral and stimulating preparations used as leaf fertilizers during the growing season, which will allow achieving the planned yield of the highest quality. The experience was laid according to a three-factor scheme in 4-fold repetition. The structure of the yield of various corn hybrids obtained by applying fertilizers for the planned yield of 7 and 11 t/ha has been studied. The analysis of the crop structure showed the patterns of crop formation and allowed us to establish that increased doses of mineral fertilizers give a significant increase in the corn harvest. On average, the biological yield of corn was 5.86-10.94 t/ha. The maximum yield - 10.94 t/ha - forms a hybrid of Amarok against the planned background of mineral nutrition of 11 t/ha when processing crops with Yara Vita preparations. The features of growth and development of various hybrids when using the system of stimulating drugs Yara Vita are analyzed. The assessment of the fodder advantages of corn grain of the studied variants is given. It has been established that the use of mineral fertilizers and the treatment of crops with stimulating drugs allows not only to form a full-fledged harvest of corn grain, but also to increase the fodder advantages of the crop. The largest collection of dry matter, digestible protein and feed units is noted on variants with the treatment of crops with the Yara Vita preparations when applying fertilizers for the planned yield of 11 t/ha.

The purpose of the research is to develop methods for increasing productivity and improving the feed value of poly-species herbage based on crested wheatgrass when harvesting for hay in the conditions of the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region. The results of studies of the feed productivity of poly-species stands of perennial grasses based on crested wheatgrass with the use of a biological growth stimulator Gumi-20M are presented. The studies of 2019-2021 were conducted on the herbage of the fifth-seventh years of life with a haymaking assessment in the phase of earing of the crested wheatgrass and flowering of legumes. The composition of the studied grass mixtures included crested wheatgrass, bluegrass, sandy esparcet, blue-hybrid of alfalfa and lotus corniculatus. The influence of the biostimulator on such parameters as tillering, photosynthetic activity (leaf area, as well as photosynthetic potential and net photosynthesis productivity were evaluated), yield, the proportion of components in the grass and feed advantages were studied (the collection of dry matter and digestible protein was taken into account, the number of feed units and exchange energy was taken into account). An increase in productivity was revealed when using a biostimulator. It was found that the maximum productivity is provided by three-component herbage with sandy esparcet and blue-hybrid of alfalfa. These herbages showed the maximum collection of green mass and the best fodder properties. The largest leaf area is formed in two-component herbage with crested wheatgrass when using Gumi-20M. In such mixtures, the area of legume leaves exceeds the area of cereal leaves. The photosynthetic potential similarly increases with the use of the stimulator Gumi-20M and with the addition of a legume component to the herbage. The best indicators were noted in herbage with esparcet and alfalfa. There was an increase in the proportion of legumes when using a stimulant. The smallest share of the component was shown by lotus corniculatus.

The purpose of the research is to improve the fattening and meat qualities of Kalmyk cattle by reproductive crossing with the Mandolong breed. The objectives of the research are to study the effect of reciprocal crossing of animals of the Kalmyk and Mandolong breeds on the intensity of weight growth of crossbred young animals of the first generation. The Kalmyk breed has a number of valuable economic and useful features. At the same time, the breed does not fully meet modern market requirements. Increased ability to fat deposition at an early age, low milk production of cows, a relatively short period of intensive growth and insufficient muscularity of the posterior third of the trunk reduces fattening and meat qualities. To improve these characteristics, in 2010 the Mandolong breed was imported from Australia, which is characterized by large size, precocity, high growth rate, excellent meat qualities. The problem with crossing breeds is that the Mandolong breed surpasses the Kalmyk breed in live weight of cows by 177 kg (37.8%), producing bulls by 250-300 kg (33.3-41.2%). Studies have shown that at birth, crossbred bulls from Mandolong cows outperformed their peers from the Kalmyk cows by 3.6 kg (10.1%), heifers, respectively, by 3.9 kg (12.9%). In the process of growing, the situation changed and at the age of 18 months, on the contrary, bulls from mothers of the Kalmyk breed outperformed their peers of group III by 25.6 kg (4.7%), heifers, respectively, by 16.1 kg (3.7%). Thus, for further breeding, it is preferable to use a variant of crossing Kalmyk cows with Mandolong bulls.