Vol 10, No 2 (2025)
AGRICULTURE
Productivity and grain quality of winter wheat varieties using biostimulants Megafol and Quantis in the conditions of Tatarstan Republic
Abstract
The research was conducted to study the effects of biostimulants Megafol and Quantis on the yield and grain quality of winter soft wheat varieties Marathon and Fotinha. The work was carried out in 2021-2023 in the Pre-Kama region of the Republic of Tatarstan. Field experiments were conducted on the territory of Agrobiotechnopark LLC in Kazan State Agrarian University. The soil of the experimental site is gray forest, medium loamy. The agrochemical characteristics of the soil are as follows: humus according to Tyurin 3.4%, mobile phosphorus content 250-270 mg / kg and exchangeable potassium 170 mg/kg according to Kirsanov, soil acidity close to neutral 6.6 pH. Field experiment scheme: 1) Without spraying crops with biostimulators – control; 2) Spraying plants with biostimulator Megafol 2 l/ha; 3) Spraying plants with biostimulator Quantis 2 l/ha; 4) Spraying plants with biostimulators Megafol 1 l/ha and Quantis 1 l/ha. The sowing rate of winter wheat is 5.5 million. germinating seeds per 1 ha. N32P32K32 was introduced under pre-sowing cultivation, and early spring fertilization with ammonium nitrate
N34 was carried out. The use of the biostimulator Megafol with a dose of 2 liters/ha provided an increase in yields over the years of research for the Marathon variety by 4.4%, for the Fotinha variety by 3.9%, and when using the biostimulator Quantis with a dose of 2 liters/ha, the yield increase for the Marathon variety reached 6.1%, for the Fotinha variety 4.8%. The maximum grain yield, on average for 2022-2023, with joint spraying of plants with biostimulants Megafol 1 l/ha + The quantis of 1 l/ha was 8.01 t/ha for Marathon grade and 7.14 t/ha for Fotinha grade.
3-10
Molecular genetic analysis of apple varieties breeded by the institute "zhigulevskie gardens" by the Md-ACS1 and Md-ACO1 genes of ethylene biosynthesis in fruits during ripening and their storage
Abstract
The preservation of the hardness of apples with juicy and crispy flesh during maturation determines the taste of the fruits, affects their resistance to mechanical damage and pathogens. The cultivation of varieties with a low level of biosynthesis in fruits contributes to a longer preservation of consumer advantages of apples during storage. The aim of the research was to analyze the composition of alleles of the Md-ACS1 and Md-ACO1 genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis during fruit ripening of apple varieties selected by GBU SB Research Institute «Zhiguli Gardens». The object of study was 7 varieties of autumn apple trees and 18 varieties of winter fruit ripening period. The research was carried out in the laboratory of molecular genetic analysis of fruit plants of the Michurinsk State Agrarian University. It was found that all the studied apple varieties are carriers of the Md-ACS1-1 and Md-ACO1-2 alleles, the simultaneous presence of which in one genotype in a homozygous state indicates a high level of ethylene biosynthesis in fruits during ripening and storage. The heterozygous state in one apple tree genotype of the Md-ACS1-1 and Md-ACS1-2 alleles was noted in the varieties Buyan, Volga saffron of the autumn ripening period and in the varieties Krasnoglinsky, Kuibyshevskoye, Mayak of the Volga region, Original, Memory of Korolev, Gift to the Minister, Dawn of the Volga region of the winter ripening period. The varieties Buyan, Krasnoglinskoye, Original, Gift to the Minister and Spartan contain the Md-ACO1 gene in a heterozygous state (Md-ACO1-1/2). A combination of heterozygous states of the Md-ACS1 and Md-ACO1 genes, which determines the average level of ethylene synthesis in fruits during maturation and storage, has been identified in the varieties Buyan, Krasnoglinskoye, Original and Gift to the Minister. These varieties are of interest to apple producers and can be used in breeding programs as sources of breeding-valuable alleles for the creation of new forms with hard flesh and good shelf life of fruits during storage.
11-18
Protection of garden carrots in the phytosanitary technology of cultivation of the Southern Urals
Abstract
The purpose of the research was to study varieties and hybrids of garden carrots and protect them when cultivated using phytosanitary technology in the Southern Urals. The objects of research were varieties and hybrids of garden carrots, harmful organisms and plant protection products. When studying varieties and hybrids of the Nantskaya variety type, the standard Nantskaya 4 variety significantly exceeded the total yield by (32.6 t/ha), the Zhar Ptitsa variety by 3.8 t/ha, the Turkish Delight variety by 10.2 t/ha, the Krasnaya Zvezda F1 hybrid by 4.1 t/ha and the Semenovna F1 hybrid by 5.5 t/ha. The standard Shantene 2461 variety produced a total yield of 32.3 t/ha and marketability was 80.8%. The standard Vitamin 6 variety significantly exceeded its yield by 39.9 t/ha, Sentyabrina by 37.7 t/ha, and the Sankin hybrid lyubov F1 by 34.7 t/ha. According to the results of the plant protection experiment, the total yield for the Shantene 2461 variety in the control was 28.7 t/ha, the use of protective agents ensured an increase in yield according to scheme No. 1 - 12.8 t/ha, according to scheme No. 2 - 10.3 t/ha, the use of biological agents according to scheme No. 3 ensured the safety of the harvest of 3.9 t/ha. On the Sankin lyubov F1 hybrid, the yield in the control was 25.1 t/ha. Plant protection with modern preparations provided an increase in total yield from 11.7 t/ha according to scheme No. 3 to 18 t/ha according to protection scheme No.1. In the protection options, the yield of commercial root crops significantly increased.
19-26
Entomological diagnostics of ornamental shrubs in urban areas
Abstract
The article presents monitoring studies of the spread of harmful objects in plantings of ornamental crops of various families (Berberidaceae, Hydrangeaceae, Rosaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Oleaceae, Tamaricaceae, Adoxaceae, Cornaceae, Fabaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Rhamnaceae, Celastraceae, Buxaceae, Sapindaceae) in urban plantations. In recent years, intensive urban development has been taking place, districts and neighborhoods are being built, and landscaping of these territories is of particular importance. During the construction of new neighborhoods, landscaping elements are already laid out at the design stage, and an assortment is selected to create various plant compositions that should be highly decorative, resistant to a complex of abiotic and biotic factors, and unpretentious to anthropogenic influences in an urban ecological system that is a complex network of interactions between plants, animals, microorganisms, and humans. in urban conditions. The most common omnivorous and specialized pests of ornamental shrubs in the conditions of the Central Chernozem region have been identified. Phytophages belonging to 27 families and 12 orders have been identified. The observations made it possible to establish the absence of pest damage in the conditions of shrubs of the genera: Elder (Sambucus), Diervilla (Diervilla), Droc (Genista), Buckthorn (Frangula), Lapchatka (Potentilla), Mahonia (Mahonia), Myricaria (Myricaria), Pemphigus (Physocarpus), Snowberry (Symphoricarpos), Chaenomeles (Chaenomeles). Throughout the entire growing season, the following genera are most damaged by omnivorous and specialized pests: Acacia (Caragana), Barbary (Berberis), Birch bark (Euonymus), Privet (Ligustrum), Honeysuckle (Lonicera), Rose (Rosa), Lilac (Syringa), and Cowberry (Philadelphus). The most intensively damaged ornamental plants were harmful organisms belonging to the orders Homoptera, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. The largest number of phytophages was observed on rose bushes (20 species) (roseate cicada, acacia pseudococcus, roseate sawfly, roseate nutcracker, shaggy olenka, golden bronze, roseate leaflet), lilacs (10 species) (apple comma-shaped scutula, lilac moth moth, roseate cicada, leafcutter bee, acacia pseudococcus, lilac bud mite), chubushniki (6 species) (apple scutula, leafy green weevil), privet (5 species) (privet moth), hawthorn (5 species) (apple scutula, apple copperhead).
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Characteristics of pest infestation in the collection of endemic wheat species at the Russian state agricultural university – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy
Abstract
The purpose of the study – to conduct a differentiated assessment of the infestation by major pests of the collection of endemic wheat species at the Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, highlighting promising varieties that are least affected by pests. One of the main directions in the protection of cereal crops is the identification, development, and use of varieties that are resistant to pests. The collection of endemic wheat species included 15 samples, 12 of which were represented by various varieties and origins of Persian wheat, while 3 samples represented varieties of Turanian wheat. Each sample was arranged in triplicate according to a complete randomization scheme. The assessment of the overall composition of the entomofauna in the spring wheat stand, along with the evaluation of pest infestation on the varietal samples, was conducted through regular counts using the sweeping net sampling method during the heading and flowering phases of the plants. Upon reaching the milk-wax ripeness phase, visual counts of aphids and thrips on the ears were conducted. The species composition of pests on spring wheat was identified, with Swedish flies, the Grass bug, cereal aphids, and cereal thrips being the most dominant. The analysis of pest infestation revealed that Swedish flies infested Turanian wheat less than Persian wheat. Sucking pests, such as the Grass bug and cereal aphids, primarily showed low infestation levels on Persian wheat, especially the black-eared varieties from Georgia and Dagestan. Two samples of Persian wheat demonstrated consistently low levels of infestation by aphids and thrips, making them promising sources of resistance. The white-eared variety (var. stramineum) was not among the samples with low pest infestation. The reduction in pest numbers on the less infested samples ranged from 43 % to 77 %, which corresponds to a medium level of resistance.
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TECHNOLOGY, MEANS OF MECHANIZATION AND POWER EQUIPMENT IN AGRICULTURE
Numerical analysis of the influence of dispenser setting error on the performance of the mixing unit
Abstract
The purpose of the study is to establish a number of methods for accurately adjusting the section of a multicomponent dispenser to change the composition of the mixture and the productivity of a mixing unit with a continuous nature of operation. The objectives of the research include a theoretical determination of the influence of errors when setting up dispensers on the performance of the mixing unit and the mixture recipe, taking into account the proportion of the controlled component in the mixture. The research methodology provides for a numerical and graphical analysis of the influence of factors on the value under study, and for numerical studies, modeling in the MatchCAD mathematical package is used. Setting the dispensers for supplying mixture components to the dispensing rate is an important factor in both ensuring the quality of the mixture and the performance of the mixing unit, which affects the volume and duration of operation of the equipment. The share of the component in the mixture practically does not change when the recipe share of the component is up to 10% when studying the influence of the dispenser setting error. When the recipe share of a component is more than 20%, the share of the component in the mixture and the error in the mixture recipe tend to linearity. The absolute error of the mixture formulation does not change significantly when the proportion of the controlled component is more than 25%. In this case, with an increase in the proportion of the control component, the influence of the dispenser error increases. The relative error has an inverse relationship. With increasing proportion of the controlled component, a decrease in the relative error of the component content in the mixture is observed. Considering that the majority of the components of the mixture make up a share of 10-25% of the composition of the mixture, for a given range of the share of the controlled component, the value of the relative error of the mixture formulation in numerical values practically corresponds to the percentage of the dispenser error. With an increase in the proportion of the controlled component, a slight gradual decrease in the relative error of the component content in the mixture is observed.
41-50
Ensuring working conditions at reception points of feed mill production
Abstract
The aim of the study is to create standardized conditions for workers and production equipment at reception points in feed mills. Grain material is delivered to the feed mill using a motor vehicle with specially designed loading stations, where cereal is unloaded into multi-section receiving bunkers. The operating area is characterized by dangerous, difficult, and harmful working conditions for operators of reception points, car drivers, and repair workers, based on levels of air dust, stress, and severity of work. All this required the study of the factors influencing the process of the wheat from the vehicle and the unloading hopper and the production of analytical dependencies establishing the relationship between the areas of the discharge holes of the hopper with a given uniform outflow of material (wheat) under conditions of safe operation of the reception point equipment depending on the hopper filling and the volume of material being poured. To achieve this, laboratory studies were conducted using an installation simulating wheat grain flow processes through baffles from bin compartments with varying degrees of bin fill and baffle opening width. The obtained dependencies showed slight differences in initial and final wheat flow rates when the baffle opening area was 0.002 m² (5.76 kg/s initially vs. 2.37 kg/s finally), but significant discrepancies emerged as the opening area increased (for instance, reaching 5.76 kg/s at the beginning and dropping to 2.37 kg/s at the end when the passage area was 0.008 m²). It was observed that the discharge rate was steady, during the middle of the bunker emptying process. These results will ensure even grain supply from the receiving hopper onto conveyors, leading to a reduction in workload by 23%, job stress by 25%, and dust emissions into the workspace by 8%.
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VETERINARY MEDICINE AND ZOOTECHNICS
Changes in cicatricial digestion in Holstein and Ayrshire heifers with age, depending on the incidence in the first month after birth
Abstract
The aim of the research was to determine changes in the composition of cicatrix fluid with age in heifers of Holstein and Ayrshire breeds, depending on the incidence in the first month after birth. To conduct research, four groups were formed from heifers at the age of 6 months, with 3 heads each: I group – Holstein breed (control), II group – Ayrshire breed (control), that were not ill in the first month after birth, III group – Holstein breed (experimental), IV – Holstein breed (experienced), that suffered from various diseases in the first month after birth. It was found out that with age, the concentration of pH hydrogen ions in the cicatrix tissue decreased in heifers, the proportion of acetic acid in the structure of the LVF increased, but at the same time the proportion of propionic and butyric acids decreased. For the period from 6 to 16 months the number of ciliates increased in healthy Holstein heifers by 144.19 thousand/ml (102.7%), in Ayrshire heifers - by 151.80 thousand/ml (103.3%), in those who recovered, respectively, by 135.0 thousand/ml (101.6%) and 115.75 thousand/ml (81.2%), the number of bacteria in those who did not The number of patients increased by 19.18 billion/ml (129.6%) and 19.68 billion/ml (123.3%), the number of those who were ill increased by 18.70 billion/ml (136.0%) and 18.82 billion/ml (126.0%). These changes with the age of heifers are probably due to the fact that the body of over-sick animals is struggling with the lag in the development of organs and tissues caused by the effects of the disease, but it is not possible to completely offset the difference compared with those that were not ill. As a result, at the end of the growing period, the heifers that had been ill in the first month of life had a lower pH in the rumen, which indicates a higher titrated acidity. This, in turn, caused a lower content of microorganisms in the cicatrix fluid, a deterioration in protein metabolism, a decrease in the content of total nitrogen and its components in the rumen and, as a result, a decrease in the growth rate of heifers.
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Blood tests in cows before and after treatment of serous mastitis
Abstract
The purpose of the research is to determine the effect of the drug "Immunopharm" on blood parameters in highly productive cows before and after treatment of serous mastitis. In order to organize the research, two groups of cows, 10 heads each, with a diagnosis of serous mastitis (experimental and control) were formed in compliance with the sign of similarity. The diagnosis of cervical mastitis was established visually, by palpation of the affected quarter of the mammary gland, trial suturing, attention was paid to the shape of the udder, the symmetry of the quarters, the size of the nipples, the condition of the nipple canal, soreness, local temperature and the condition of the supramuscular lymph nodes. For the treatment of serous mastitis, the drug "Immunopharm" was used in the experimental group at a dose of 10.0 ml, intravenously, with an interval of 12 hours until recovery. The animals of the control group were treated with the drug "Mastisan" in accordance with the instructions at a dose of 5.0 ml with an interval of 24 hours, intracystally. It was found that when used for the treatment of serous mastitis in highly productive cows, the drug "Immunopharm" in a dose of 10.0 ml, intracisternally, with an interval of 12 hours, provides an increase in the morphofunctional state of animals by increasing the content of hemoglobin by 5.96, erythrocytes by 34.37%, platelets by 42.07%, basophils by 0.40%., eosinophils – by 0.80%, segmented neutrophils – by 16.07%, monocytes – by 1.60%, with a decrease in the content of leukocytes – by 17.17%, young – by 1.20% and rod–shaped neutrophils - by 2.07%, lymphocytes – by 7.69%, which indicates the effectiveness of the drug "Immunopharm" in the treatment of serous mastitis compared with the drug "Mastisan" by increasing the immunological status, changing energy processes.
65-69
The effect of feed additives in the Cows diet on the amino acid composition of milk
Abstract
Animal nutrition, being one of the key elements of the external environment, has a significant impact on the milk productivity of cows, as well as on the composition and technological characteristics of milk. During lactation, it is especially important to provide cows with a balanced intake of vital micronutrients, which play a key role in metabolic processes and the synthesis of dairy components. The Megamix-Optilak complex is a feed premix containing vitamins (A, D3, E, biotin), as well as essential trace elements (copper, zinc, manganese, cobalt, iodine, selenium) and macronutrients (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium), which makes it an effective tool for optimizing the diet and improving productivity cattle. The aim of the work is to study the effect of the feed premix Megamix-Optilak on the dairy productivity of cattle. Scientific and economic experience was conducted in 2022-2023 in the farms of the Chekmagushevsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan. 4 groups of 20 animals each were formed, selected according to the principle of analogues and kept in the same conditions. The difference in the groups was in feeding: animals of groups I-III additionally received premix Megamix-Optilac in dosages of 100, 150, 200 g/ head per day, whereas the control group did not receive premix. In the course of scientific and economic experience, studies were conducted on the biological value of milk from cows receiving a diet enriched with vitamin and mineral premix. The analysis of the obtained results indicates a positive effect of the studied premix on the protein content in milk (an increase of 2.21-3.48%). The milk protein of the experimental groups was also distinguished by its high biological value, which is confirmed by the analysis of the amino acid composition and the calculation of the amino acid score.
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Pharmaco-toxicological assessment of the effect of the rachipred supplement on morphofunctional blood parameters in laboratory rats
Abstract
The purpose of the research is to study the toxicological safety of the original protein-mineral supplement. The objectives of the research included studying the dynamics of morphofunctional blood parameters of laboratory rats in the framework of a study of chronic toxicity against the background of the use of the original protein-mineral supplement rachipred. The additive contained a protein component of natural origin, calcium and phosphorus compounds of natural origin, and crystalline sulfur. The experiment was carried out on 30 laboratory female White rats with an initial weight of 200-230 g. 3 groups were formed (n=10). The control group received a placebo, the 1st experimental group consumed the supplement in a therapeutic dosage of 1 g/kg of body weight, the 2nd experimental group received a five-fold dose from the therapeutic group. The duration of the experiment was 90 days. The use of a feed additive in a therapeutic dosage and a fivefold increase in the dose does not cause negative effects on hematological parameters. At the same time, in both experimental groups, in relation to the values of the control group animals within the reference boundaries, it was found that the total number of leukocytes increased by 54.1% in group 1 and 56.1% in group 2; an increase in the number of erythrocytes in the 1st and 2nd experimental groups – by 17.1% and 12.0%, respectively; an increase in hemoglobin concentration – by 4.5% for group 1 and 6.4% (P<0.05) for group 2; an increase in hematocrit value – the difference in the 1st experimental group was 13.1% (P<0.01), in 2nd experimental – 10.4% (P<0.05); the platelet count increases – the values in the experimental groups were higher than in the control by 13.48% and 14.11% in the 1st and 2nd experimental groups, respectively.
75-80
Morphological parameters of Cows blood when feeding the feed additive "Reasil Gumic Heals"
Abstract
The article presents the results of the action of a feed additive containing humic substances, humic acids and fulvic acids, "Reasil Gumic Heals" on hematological blood parameters of dairy cows. The feed additive "Reasil Gumic Heals" is made from the natural substance leonardite, a product of the humification of ancient plants. The experiment was carried out at the dairy production of the Krasnaya Zvezda dairy Complex in the Isakli district of the Samara region. The purpose of the research is to determine the effect of a feed additive containing humic acids, "Reasil Gumic Heals" on hematological blood parameters of dairy cows during the dry season. To carry out the experiment, 4 groups of animals were formed among the productive livestock (control, experimental-1, experimental-2, experimental-3) with 15 heads each. During the dry period, cows from the experimental groups received, in addition to the basic diet adopted on the farm for the dry department, a feed additive based on humic acids, Realisil Gumic Heals, in the following doses: 60.0 g for the experimental group of animals, 80.0 g for the experimental group of animals, and 100.0 g for the experimental group of animals.3 groups of animals, respectively. The control group of animals was on the main diet of the dry period without the addition of top dressing. Blood for the study was taken twice in the morning before feeding from 5 heads of animals from each group participating in the experiment. The first blood sample was taken on the day of the drying off, the second – 3 days before the expected calving date. The obtained results reliably confirm that the introduction of a feed additive based on humic acids "Restacil Gumic Heals" in the dry season at a dosage of 80.0 g per head per day improves the morphological parameters of blood in terms of the average volume of red blood cells, hemoglobin, the average concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells, leukocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes. The results of the blood test of animals of the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups did not differ significantly.
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