No 4 (2013)

The purpose of research – development of methods of increasing the yield of grain sorghum. The task of the research was to assess the productivity of sorghum crops under the application of fertilizers and growth promoters. In two-factor experiment on sorghum there were studied: two phases of treatment (treatment of seeds and crops in the tillering stage) (factor A), the following drugs (seed treatment , treatment for vegetation): 1) album (60 ml/m, 50 ml/ha); 2) Na + K humate trace (200 ml/m, 400 mL/ha); 3) Mival agro – (15 g/ton, 10 g/ha); 4) Megamiks (2 l/t; 0,2 l/ha ) (factor B). The main indicators of the economic value of annual crops are planted quantity and quality of the crop. The yield increase from the use of seeds treatment was 0,12-0,38 t/ha, increase from pre-treatment while vegetation 0,09-0,28 t/ha, with the joint use of drugs (seed treatment + treatment of crops) increase amounted to 0,12-0,51 t/ha. The maximum yield was achieved in a case of double treatment by Megamix and was 2,25 t/ga. Average of three years (2010-2012). Yield was at 1,50-2,25 t/ha. The maximum yield was obtained after the double use of drug Megamix (treatment of seeds, application while vegetation) 2,25 t/ha, as well as seeds treatment MivalAgro and treatment while vegetation by Megamix – 2,04 t/ha.

The purpose of research – increasing the yield of winter oilseed rape with minimum tillage. Allelopathic activity was determined by germinating seeds in Petri dishes of winter rape seed varieties Dragon in different concentrations present crop residues of winter wheat. In the first series of experiments at a concentration of infusion of 25 to 100% is already on the third day there was a strong (34-43%) inhibition of germination of seeds of winter rape, and on the seventh day of germination decreased by 64-80%. It is very strongly inhibited the development of seedlings of winter rape. In a second series of experiments (concentration present from 5 to 20%) only at concentrations of 5 and 10% showed very little (2-4%) and mild (7-8%) reduction in germination of winter oilseed rape, wherein the 7th day of observation all the seedlings have formed cotyledon leaves of green with long stem 35,3 and 30,4 mm in length spine – 20,3 and 18,1 mm. Increasing the concentration to 15 and 20% led to a decrease in the laboratory germination at 18 and 43%, of which only 84 and 74% of the seedlings have formed a pale yellow color.

The studies were conducted in the fields of peasant farm (KFH), located in the Volga region of Samara Oblast. 14 varieties of potato crops grown under irrigation have been selected. The research purpose – the development of technological methods of production environmentally safe products under irrigation. The starch content of the studied varieties ranged from 12,9% (grade Lanorma) to 14,9% (grade Vitesse). The studied varieties have had higher sugar content (normal 10,5 g) the highest grade in the elite Sprint – 14,42 g. The moisture content has been within the normal range on average reaching 76,0%. Ash tuber varieties studied ranged from 2,05% (grade Sprint Elite) to 5,88% (grade Rosary). Fiber has been studied in grades ranging from 0,83% (grade Vitesse) to 8,98% (grade Rocko). The studied varieties are characterized by low dry matter content (less than 22%). Nitrogen content ranges from 1,74% in the elite Sprint grade to 3,07% for class rose garden, which is a valid value (up 4,6%). Potassium values ranging from 2,06% (grade Rosary) to 3,07% (grade Rosalind), OK – up to 4,2%. The phosphorus content varies from 0,36% in grade Rosary to 0,46% in grade Sprint elite and Super elite Rosary (normally 0,5%). Content of mobile forms of the studied heavy metals in the soil in average have not exceeded the maximum permissible concentration. There has been a slight excess of the baseline values by the accumulation of zinc (1,25 MP) and copper (1,15 times). The grade Colette (16,37), accumulated the least amount of heavy metals Lian (13,42), Rosalind (15,19). The greatest amount of heavy metals have nee accumulated by grades Sprint Elite (19,35), Jelly (16,4). The calculation of correlation have showed that the studied heavy metals show the greatest relationship with (r = 0,292) a dry plant matter and phosphorus content (r = 0,289).

The research purpose – improving the efficiency of fertilizer with a justification of the coefficients of their consumption. To study the nutrient intake of basic grains was laid korotkorotatsionny 4-dipole field crop rotation with the following crop rotation: black couples – winter wheat – spring wheat – spring barley. Bookmark the experiments carried out with the main guidelines. The area of plots – 720 m 2, repeatedly – three times, placing plots – consistent. In calculating the rates of application of fertilizer for winter wheat, spring wheat and barley in the central agro-climatic zone of Samara Volga, be aware that the removal rates of nitrogen in winter wheat , spring wheat and spring barley are within 20,2-48,7; on phosphorus – within 8,9-28,7, and the content of potassium removal rates can vary from 26,2 to 85,7. Our studies have established the consumption of nutrients from the soil and fertilizers and calculate the odds of their use. It was revealed that most of the nitrogen was admitted to the plant from the soil. For the formation of 1 quintal of grain crops is required from 2,04 to 3,01 kg of nitrogen, phosphorus and 0,92-1,22 kg 1,66-2,52 kg of potassium. With the application of mineral fertilizers removal of elements per unit increase in the average yield of nitrogen to 11,9-23,8% for phosphoru – on 6,6-9,7%, of potassium – on 16,2-30,7%.

The purpose of research – a scientific rationale to reduce wheat thrips damage by optimizing the location of winter wheat crops taking into account meso relief in the forest steppe of Zavolzhye. The studies were conducted in 2009-2011, Kinelskiy area of Samara region. The experiments were laid in the forest-meadow landscape of steeply sloping hills and on the slopes of the north-western exposure on experimental fields, depending on their location in the landscape: the top, middle and bottom of the slope. The object of study – wheat thrips, the subject of the study – winter wheat varieties Volga 86 (at the top and bottom of the slope), varieties Kostyantynivska (in the middle of the slope). Seasons of research on temperature and rainfall were markedly different from each other the driest was 2010, moistened 2011 years of research, regardless of the location of the field in the landscape was dominated by a weak degree of damage to winter wheat grain wheat thrips. In 2010 maximum number of slightly damaged grains per ear was noted (except for the upper part of the slope – a maximum in 2009), a minimum – in 2011, the average in 2009-2011. The largest grain damage was noted in the upper part of the slope – 67,3%; 21,5 and 16,3% more damage than the middle and lower parts of the slope. Reveal an average correlation between damage to the grain in the ear and weight of grain from the ear, the correlation coefficient – 0,41-0,71.

The research purpose – improving the method of sowing fine seeds of amaranthus paniculata. Planting material – amaranthus paniculata varieties Kinelsky 254. Sowing seed drill CO – 4,2 and experimental precision seeder. Quality of seeding has been evaluated by a number of indicators that combined characterize its compliance to agro-technical requirements. Key indicators of seeding quality have been even distribution of seeds in a row and the uniformity of seed placement depth. It has been found that the use of the new seeding device can significantly improve the quality of the crop through the optimal placement of the seeds in a row, and to reduce the non-uniform distribution of plants by 2,9 times and the number of seeds embedded in a definite horizon can increase seeding quality 1,6 times in comparison to the control seeding. All mentioned has been resulted in the weakening of the association stress in phytocenosis, makes more efficient the use of vital resources and as a consequence a higher crop yield of protein and grains per area unit are obtained. The average yield within the five years through the green amaranth mass – was 56,4 t/ha, grain – 2,3 t/ha, of dry matter yield – 13,4 t/ha, protein – 1,5 t/ha, which is 24-35% higher than in the control embodiment.

The purpose of research – to study cropping method influence of, seeding rate, depth seeding and doses of applied mineral fertilizers in combination with application on crops of the anti-stressful biological preparation Albite on the formation of the leaves surface and photosynthetic potential of millet crops to optimize high-quality technologies of millet cultivation in the environment of the forest-steppe Area of Central Volga. It is established that in the conditions of the forest-steppe of Central Volga Area by the phase beginning a tasseling crops of millet form 32-46% of values of FP for vegetation, and from the tasseling beginning before maturing 54-68% that testifies to high security of crops with an assimilatory surface in the most responsible phases of development – flowering, having poured and grain maturing. The greatest size of the assimilatory device is formed by usual ordinary crops with norm of seeding 3,5-4,0 million/hectare and wide ranks with norm of seeding of 2,0 million/hectare. The greatest sheet surface forms and keeps more longer in an active condition of millet crops of a grade the Peasant and Zaryana with seeds depth 5 -7 cm against introduction of settlement doses of mineral fertilizers on a planned grain yield 3,5-4,0 t/hectare with plants treatment in a tillering phase by biological preparation Albite.

The research purpose – to develop a comprehensive assessment of barley malting quality, in the production of lager beer varieties. In a production laboratory of PCs «Baltica» – «Baltika – Samara» the light barley malt produced by «Belsolod» (class 1), JSC «Yarpivo» (class 1), OAO «Russian malt» (2 class), «Avangard» (Class 2) have been explored. Malt has been estimated by organoleptik, physical and physico-chemical indicators. For the evaluation of objective quality of brewing malt it is appropriate to apply the method of evaluation of malt quality index (ICS). By a comprehensive assessment of lager barley malt quality produced by «Belsolod» and JSC «Yarpivo» refer to class 1. Light malt produced by OAO AKB «Avangard» refers to the 2nd class, but on the specification of the summary of all indicators is 14,5, which relates it to the brewing barley lager malt of very good quality. Pale barley malt, produced by «Russian malt», has the lowest rate and refers to the 2 classes of good quality. The proposed specification and comprehensive assessment of the malt quality can be used in research to study the possibility of growing barley for brewing purposes in a specific soil- climatic zone, as well as on the effect of the studied agricultural practices to improve the quality of malting barley grain.

The research purpose – is improvement of quality of a complex food additive on the basis of cocoa beans through the use of crushed fruit of the carob tree. Cocoa powder was replaced crushed fruit of the carob tree in the amount from 10 to 50%. When this was received complex food additive, which can be used for production of flour confectionery products, as a filler for ice cream, yogurt and other Studies were carried out in the testing laboratory of LLC «НаDО». Best on organoleptic and physico-chemical parameters was the version with the replacement of cocoa, crushed fruit of the carob tree in the amount of 30%. The resulting product will have a pleasant smell, harmonious taste with a strong creamy aftertaste, had a dark-brown color, glossy surface, dense elastic texture. The higher the percentage of crushed fruit of the carob tree in the complex food additive, the higher becomes the pH, which varies from 5,5 to 5,8, due to the additional content of sugars in chopped fruit of the carob tree. The same relationship is modified, such an indicator as the content of dry substances on a scale of sucrose. It increases to 53,0-54,0%. Indicator visco-STI also increases with 8000 to 9,400 cf. Introduction of additives allowed also to reduce microbiological contamination Increase in the number of carob affected the microbiological contamination of the product, which by the presence of QMA reduced almost twice, and also reduced the number of mold and yeast.

The research purpose – to justify the use of various types of packaging materials during storage of bread from premium wheat flour. These studies were conducted at the Department «Technology of production and expertise of herbal products». The object of the study was the bread of wheat flour of the premium, the packed in different types of packaging materials: PVC food film, aluminum foil, perforated film, vegetable parchment. Also investigated the bread of wheat flour in bulk. The quality of bread from wheat flour premium after 24 hours of storage did not change. Only noticeable difference in the smell of products. After 48 hours of storage unspoken bread smell was observed in bread wheat flour without the premium package, and store in a perforated film (3 points respectively). Insufficiently distinct smell was the bread, which was kept in PVC cling film (4 points). After 72 hours of storage products acidity studied were: the bread in bulk – 2,3 degrees stored in PVC cling film – 2,5 degrees in aluminum foil – 2,6 degrees – is the maximum value in the vegetable parchment and a perforated film – 2,4 degrees. Porosity and moisture content decreased, but remained within the range required by the standard. Bread that has been stored in PVC cling film and vegetable parchment in determining the microbiological indicators, in particular mold had the lowest value, or they were not found, so we encourage producers to pack bread wheat premium is in these packaging materials.

The research purpose – to reveal powder influence from seeds of a fenugreek hay on quality of grain products from a flour wheat baking the highest and first grades. Powder from seeds of a fenugreek hay is brought into the dough in quantity: 1; 2; 3 and 4%. Straight dough way of preparation was used In the trials water temperature at mixing ingredients was 35ºC, dough mixing was carried out mechanically. The baking was carried out at a temperature of 220-240ºC within 35 min. The experimental batch of bread was made in the conditions of laboratory «Technology of Production and Examination of Products from Vegetable Raw Materials» chair of Farm technology faculty of FSBEI HVE «Samara State Agricultural Academy». By results of researches of organoleptic and physical and chemical indicators of quality three best grain products were allocated: bread from wheat flour of the first grade with addition of 2% of powder from Shambhala seeds, bread from wheat flour of the highest and the first grade with the content of powder from seeds of Shambhala 2% and 3%; as these grain products possess the highest consumer properties in comparison with products without additives. Production of a new type of bread from wheat flour of the first grade will be 2% economic under addition powder from Shambhala seeds, level of profitability of production of this bread will increase respectively by 1%, the annual sum of profit will make 2210 rub. Production of bread from a mix of wheat flour of the highest and the first grades with addition of 2% and 3% of powder from seeds of Shambhala also economically profitable, level of profitability increases by 1,3% and 1,6%. The additional annual profit will make 3680 and 3990 rub.

The research purpose – to identify and assess the impact of technological factors extrusion process and technical parameters of the extruder on the structure of extrudate vegetable starch raw materials. Experimental studies were performed using a single-screw extruder, additionally equipped with a vacuum chamber and a gateway shutter. The object of the study were selected barley seeds, oats seeds, millet and buckwheat seeds with a mass fraction of moisture 12-18% without flaking of the surface. Crops extrusion processing listed in the extruder without vacuum chamber showed the same pattern: the rapid transition of the material from the high pressure (in the path of the machine) in terms of atmospheric pressure, humidity extrudate compared with the humidity in the test material decreases in the range 21,0-31,9%. The maximum decrease (31,9%) was observed in the experiment with oat and minimum (21%) – in the processing of buckwheat. The transition of extruded product from the high-pressure (2,0-2,7 MPa) in a vacuum chamber with a pressure of 0,02-0,09 MPa significantly intensified the process of removing water from the raw material. Dependence of extrudates expansion index from the moisture of processed grain, air pressure in the vacuum chamber and the diameter of the extruder die opening it is obtained by implementing a 3-x factor of composite central plan. Statistical analysis of experimental data, performed by regression analysis in the environment of Microsoft Excel 2010 and Statistica 10, allowed to obtain a mathematical model of the second order, adequately describing the dependence of the extension index of extrudates (coefficient of explosion) of the studied factors. Analysis of the resulting model indicates a significant impact on the value of the index of extrudates expansion of air pressure in the vacuum chamber of the extruder. By changing the pressure in the vacuum chamber of the extruder can be influenced by humidity and the value of the index extension extrudates, as well as control the intensity of the formation of the porous structure.

The research purpose – is the reasoning and working out of technology of functional foods from chopped meat with millet ekstrudate. Rational methods of preparing and making extruded millet is reasoned. Hydration of extruded articles millet is soaking it with water with a temperature of 15-20°C, for a period of 5-10 min. Hydro Kit 2,5. The influence of extruded millet on physico-chemical and organoleptic quality indicators of combined minced meat products is studied. A fraction of total mass of moisture, protein and fat decreases with an increase in the amount of filler. A fraction of total mass carbohydrates increases. Millet extrudate has a pH 5,45 aqueous solution, t.e. approximately equal to the pH of meat. The pH of the combined mass decreases when mixing chopped mass with the hydrated extrudate. When replacing the raw meat extrudate in an amount of 15%, the pH is reduced by 13%. Slight increase of a fraction of total mass of moisture observed In the samples of chopped meat products by increasing the amount of filler because of rising of water-holding capacity of products as result of adding starch and dietary fiber extruded millet. Introduction of the filler to the formulation increases the yield of finished products from 6 to 26% depending on the amount of the extrudate. The best results are observed in samples of products with substitution of raw meat with an extrudate in an amount of 5 and 10%. The optimum amount of the chopped meat extrudate weight in the hydrated form was 5-10%.

The research purpose – to expose the most effective types of rheochrysins of phytogenous and methods of their application at protecting of grain of wheat from the wreckers of panary after-passes. We studied the grain of spring wheat varieties Kinelskoye 59, zoned in the Samara region. Studied the effect of 6 – repellent plant species used in various forms (oil, whole and crushed leaves or flowers, alcohol and aqueous extracts): allspice, mint grass, bay tree, lambsquarters, Sochirca field and marigold), the following biological parameters: free choice of food, the loss of dry matter, development duration lifetime. When feeding beetles small black beetle smallest grain mass loss observed in the presence of essential oil of cloves (86% less than in the control) and the aqueous extract and dried peppermint leaves and flowers of carnation (by 72%). Emergence of small black beetles beetle does not occur on the grain with crushed clove flowers. The death of the granary weevil beetle occurs in the presence of chopped mint (by 17,7% less than in controls). Complex effect of repellents on the granary weevil appeared in samples with crushed clove flowers and leaves of bay leaf. Lowest life expectancy of small black beetles beetle was observed on grain treated with aqueous extract of mint and cloves, which killed 67,2-68,0% beetles. greatest deterrent effect of small black beetles beetle appears if you select write on corn treated with mint essential oil (by 96,2% compared with control) and clove oil (91,6 %). More effective form repellents are crushed leaves and flowers of plants (bay leaf, clove) and peppermint essential oil, compared with clove oil.

The research purpose – is to determine the stability of spring and winter wheat grain varieties to storage stocks pests due to biological and chemical indicators. 6 varieties of grain crops 3 varieties of spring wheat – Kinel’skaja Niva, Kinel.skaja Otrada, Грекум 3835, 3 varieties of winter wheat Volga 86, Konstantinovskaya Erythrospermum 30-36 have been studied towards Sitophilus granarium L., Rhizopertha dominiсa F. and small black Tribolium destructor Uytt. Among the spring wheat grain varieties the Grekum 3835 showed highest resistance to the barn Sitophilus granarium L., and small black Tribolium destructor Uytt , and to Rhizopertha dominiсa F. – Kinel’skaja Otrada. Among grain winter wheat varieties the most resistant was variety of of Erythrospermum 30-36, which had smaller weight loss during pests hosting and higher their mortus number. Grain varieties of winter wheat after all three pests types hosting and feeding showed no significant differences in the weight loss that ranged from 0,09 to 0,14, Comparison of grain studied varieties, chemical composition have estimated that their resistance to pests is associated with individual content of grain compounds.