Bulletin Samara State Agricultural Academy
- Samara State Agrarian University
Editor-in-Chief
- Mashkov Sergey V. – Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Rector of Samara State Agrarian University.
- Russian Science Citation Index
- Agricultural International system (AGRIS)
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Aims and Scope
The journal is intended for Researchers, Managers, Directors, Teachers, graduate students and undergraduates of universities, contributes to the improvement of training and certification, strengthening of scientific and pedagogical staff.
The journal aims are to coverage and disseminate latest achievements of science and technology in the field of agriculture. The journal presents publications of the main research results of the representatives of the teaching staff, postgraduates and undergraduates of agricultural and other universities, scientific organizations of the Russian Federation.
Current Issue
Vol 9, No 4 (2024)
AGRICULTURE
Dynamics of phosphorus and potassium content in chernozem soils of the samara agrarian carbon polygon
Abstract
The purpose of the research is to assess changes in the content of mobile forms of potassium and phosphorus in soils for subsequent monitoring and identification of features affecting the soil fertility of chernozem soils of the central agroclimatic zone of the Samara region. During the research, the collection of soil survey data for 1992 and 2002 was carried out, the collected material was analyzed, in 2022, a survey of agricultural lands was carried out and 54 samples were selected for analysis from 9 pits (0,90-1,0 m deep), 5 semi-pits (0,60-0,65 m deep), 1 trench. The change in the content of mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium in soils in the territory of the agricultural carbon polygon was studied. According to the results of the study, an increase in the content of mobile phosphorus in 2022 in most soils can be noted compared to the surveys of 1992 and 2002 by an average of 27-198%. The greatest increase was noted on ordinary residual meadow medium-humus medium-deep medium-loamy chernozem. For the period 1992-2002, the soils were characterized by a high and very high degree of potassium supply, with the exception of meadow-chernozem carbonate medium-humus medium-deep heavy loamy, which belongs to the average level of mobile potassium supply. In 2022, in most of the studied soils, changes occurred towards a decrease in the content of mobile potassium over a 20-30 year period by an average of 18-95%. With the exception of meadow-chernozem carbonate medium-humus medium-deep heavy loamy soil, where an increase in the amount of potassium by 16% was revealed according to the state of 2002. In this regard, most soils for the period 2002-2022 were characterized by medium and low potassium supply.



Yield and grain quality of spring wheat varieties using mineral fertilizers Batr Gum and Batr Max in the conditions of Tatarstan Republic
Abstract
The research was carried out in order to study the peculiarities of mineral fertilizers effect and concentrated organomineral complex liquid fertilizers on the yield and grain quality of spring soft wheat varieties Al Varis and Ulyanovsk 105. The work was carried out in 2021-2023 in the Pre-Kama zone of Tatarstan Republic. The soil of the experimental site is light gray forest, medium loamy. Agrochemical indicators: the content of humus according to Tyurin was 1.9%, mobile phosphorus and potassium according to Kirsanov in the modification of TSINAO – 145 mg/kg and 127 mg/kg, respectively, soil acidity – 6.4 pH. The doses of mineral fertilizers were determined by the calculation and balance method for grain yield of 3 t/ha, which amounted to N106P27K41. In addition to mineral fertilizers, the effect of concentrated organomineral complex liquid fertilizers Batr Gum, Batr MaX produced by Service Agro was evaluated. The use of calculated doses of mineral fertilizers significantly increased the yield and quality of spring wheat grain in both varieties. The maximum yield of spring wheat grain in an average of three years was noted in the NPK variant for obtaining 3 t/ha of grain + Batr (0.5 l/t +1 l/ha + 1 l/ha) – 3.76 for the Al Varis variety and 3.20 t/ha for the Ulyanovsk 105 variety. The highest value of crude gluten in 2023 was obtained when applying mineral fertilizers and using Batr Gum, Batr MaX – 29.4% in the Al Varis variety. The highest increase in the yield of spring wheat of the Al Varis variety on average for 2021-2023 was with the use of mineral fertilizers, Batr Gum and Batr MaX amounting to 1.63 t/ha.



Protein content and its fractional composition in the grain of spring wheat of the Kinelskaya Jubilee variety
Abstract
The purpose of the study is to study the content of total protein and its individual fractions in the grain of spring wheat of the Kinelskaya Jubilee variety to determine the balance of the economic complex. Sowing of spring wheat was carried out in the spring after plowing to a depth of 20-22 cm, the weight of the sown seeds was 180 kg /ha. On average, over the years of the study, a grain yield of 2.59 t/ha was obtained, the weight of 1000 grains was 39.2 g. The isolation of individual protein fractions from one gram of grain and the determination of protein in them showed that albumins contain 37.1%, globulins – 9.8%, prolamins – 29.3%, and glutelins – 23.8%. The obtained results show that the ratio of the sums of low molecular weight fractions of albumins and globulins to the sum of high molecular weight prolamins and glutelins is 1:1.1, and the gluten proteins of the prolamine fraction to the glutelin fraction is 1.2:1, which characterizes flour obtained from the grain of spring soft wheat of the Kinelskaya Jubilee variety as flour with high baking properties. The determination of the total protein content in the grain was equal to 14.2%. The amount of sugars in the grain turned out to be 1.72%. The indicator of the efficiency of nitrogen absorption and its use in yield and protein content is the nitrogen content in grain, which was 2.42%. The values of protein and nitrogen removal with harvest, as well as nitrogen with protein and the sum of sugars are interrelated indicators that give an idea of the balance of the C:N ratio, a comparison between energy products represented by carbon, often glucose, carbohydrates and protein building material represented by nitrogen.



Dynamics of mobile forms of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen in chernozem soils of the Samara agrarian carbon polygon
Abstract
The purpose of the research is to assess the dynamics of mobile forms of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen in chernozem soils with different methods of cultivation in the conditions of the central agroclimatic zone of the Samara region. The article presents the dynamics of changes in the content of nitrate, ammonium nitrogen and the C:N ratio in arable soils with different cultivation technologies - traditional classical and resource-saving zero technology No-till, located in the fields of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Samara Agrarian University" of the Kinelsky District of the Samara Region and the farm LLC "Orlovka AIC" of the Pokhvistnevsky District. On the territory of Orlovka-AIC LLC, at monitoring sites № 1, 2 and 3, there was an increase in the content of nitrate nitrogen in the soil in 2023 compared to 2021 by 5,4, 1,9 and 1,1 times respectively, however, on all studied soils, there was a decrease in the content of ammoniacal nitrogen by 1.7-9.6 times. Having analyzed the results on the content of mineral forms of nitrogen in the fields of the Samara Agrarian University, it can be noted that in 2021-2023, there was an increase in the concentration of nitrate form of nitrogen in the soil by an average of 2,4-9,7 times, and the content of ammoniacal nitrogen increased by 1,3-2,0 times. The obtained results of the C:N ratio in soils with resource-saving technologies are in the range of 19-32, which indicates the enrichment of humus with nitrogen. The C:N ratio values in soils under conventional tillage in 2021 ranged from 42-53, indicating a preferential accumulation of carbon compared to nitrogen. In 2023, there was a change towards enrichment of humus with nitrogen, with C:N fluctuating from 14 to 33.



Biological activity of chernozem soils of the Samara agrarian carbonic polygon
Abstract
An important biological property of the soil is its regenerative ability, which is the basis for agricultural reproduction of soil fertility. It depends not only on individual chemical or physical parameters, but also on the functioning of the soil biota, the cycle of processes in the “plant–soil” system. The change of vegetation cover leads to a change in the composition of soil biota, disruption of the circulation of substances and a decrease in bioproductivity. The purpose of the research is to study the biological activity of the microbial community of soils of an agricultural carbon landfill located in the central agroecological zone of the Samara region. The diagnosis of the number of microorganisms of various ecological and trophic groups was carried out by the classical method of sowing on agarized elective nutrient media of various composition. The number of organisms-ammonifiers – protein destructors of various natures, amylolytic microorganisms – immobilizers of readily available carbon, assimilating mineral forms of nitrogen, accounting for the number of micromycetes was carried out on Chapek medium, actinomycetes - on starch–ammonia agar. The quantitative composition of soil microorganisms inhabiting the chernozem soils most characteristic of the region in natural ecosystems, as well as in the gradient of their change from natural to natural, has been determined. The biological activity of soils affected by agricultural activity and soils of the natural ecosystem has been studied. It has been established that anthropogenic load has a negative effect on the number of microorganisms inhabiting the soils of agrocenoses. The coefficient of soil mineralization under agricultural crops (spring wheat, winter wheat, peas, sunflower) varied from 1.2 to 1.9, which indicates an increase in the activity of soil microflora aimed at mineralization of nitrogen compounds in the soil under anthropogenic load.



TECHNOLOGY, MEANS OF MECHANIZATION AND POWER EQUIPMENT IN AGRICULTURE
Influence of thermal vacuum extrusion on the physical and physicochemical properties of the resulting product
Abstract
The article considers the effect of vacuum extrusion processing on the physical and physicochemical properties of the extruded feed mixture. The influence of the variable factors of the extrusion process on the feed mixture obtained by processing the mixture of rye and fenugreek using thermal vacuum and conventional extrusion was studied. The barrel temperature, screw rotation speed, raw material moisture content and the vacuum level in the chamber at the outlet of the extruder matrix were selected as the studied factors. The analysis of their influence on the thermal vacuum extrusion process was performed using the response surface methodology. For the experiment, a modernized EK-40 extruder equipped with a working screw with a diameter of 40 mm, with a screw length to diameter ratio of 4:1 and a temperature regime of 70-100 °C was used. The mixtures for extrusion were prepared from rye (2 parts) and fenugreek (1 part), and the moisture content in them varied within the range from 25 to 35%. The screw speed was varied from 200 to 350 rpm, and the vacuum in the vacuum chamber was in the range of 0-400 mmHg. Using the analysis of variance and response surface methodology, the influence of barrel temperature, screw speed, feedstock moisture content, and vacuum level on the water absorption index, bulk density, specific mechanical energy, total phenol content, and expansion coefficient of the extrudates was analyzed. The following optimal extrusion parameters were obtained during the study: barrel temperature of 77,5 °C, mixture moisture of 32,5%, screw speed of 350 rpm, and vacuum level of 300 mmHg. The results of the study allow us to conclude that thermal vacuum extrusion has a more noticeable effect on the expansion coefficient, bulk density, and water absorption index of the extrudates compared to conventional extrusion. The resulting extrudate contained a significant amount of anthocyanins C3G, P3G and other useful substances for the animal organism, which are usually destroyed by high temperatures. This is explained by the fact that the reduced pressure in the vacuum chamber promotes the expansion of the extruded mixture at lower temperatures than with "classic" hot extrusion, which helps preserve the bioactive compounds of the processed raw materials.



Hyperspectral method for assessing the condition of protected soil plants
Abstract
The purpose of the research is to develop a hyperspectral method for assessing the condition of plants in conditions of protected soil, to identify internal changes in plants that affect the yield. The article presents the results of the investigation of vegetation condition assessment based on the use of hyperspectral images (HSI) acquired with a scanning slit-lamp hyperspectral camera with Offner optical scheme. The classifier used is a multi-stage GSI processing with initial compensation of lighting variations, selection of the vegetation area by the index method and further evaluation based on a trained spatial spectral convolutional neural network. The shooting process was organized in such a way that in one frame it was possible to obtain a set of spectrum characteristics corresponding to only one column of the hyperspectral image being formed. The slit diaphragm restricts the area of space from which the light is decomposed into a spectrum. It allows simultaneously to receive up to 2040 spectra in a single frame. In the process of space scanning and serial synchronous imaging, spectra of sequentially changing regions of space were recorded. Based on the results of the research, an algorithm for classifying high-resolution hyperspectral images was developed, taking into account both spatial and spectral features. A convolutional neural network with an architecture modified to better account for changes in scene lighting was used as a classifier. To prepare the training data, it is proposed to use vegetation indexes, which allow to perform primary binary segmentation of the hyperspectral image. It was shown that the proposed approach is effective. The accuracy of the classification obtained by the level of chlorosis was more than 83%. The conducted experiments show the effectiveness of the proposed approach for assessing the condition of plants in protected soil conditions.



Justification of rational particle size of thickening additive for vegetable lubricant based on rapeseed oil
Abstract
The aim of the research is to theoretically substantiate the rational particle size of the thickening additive (Litol-24) to the vegetable lubricant based on rapeseed oil when forming a lubricant composition intended for use in tractor mechanical transmission units. There is an urgent scientific problem of increasing the physicochemical and tribological properties of plant lubricant, in particular, increasing its viscosity. This effect can be achieved by using special thickening additives, for example, Litol-24. The article provides an analysis of the processes of precipitation of thickening additive particles in the gravitational field and during the operation of tractor transmission units. Theoretical dependences for determination of rational particle size of thickening additive in static mode from the condition of long-term (up to 6 months) storage of agricultural machinery, as well as in dynamic mode from the condition of particle hovering in the volume of RSM are offered. The influence of design features of transmission units of tractor models widespread in agricultural production on the process of thickening additive particles deposition in static and dynamic mode is analyzed, recommendations on determination of particle size taking into account this parameter are given. Taking into account the limiting factors, the rational particle size of the thickening additive was determined by the calculation method, excluding their rapid deposition both during storage and during transportation and field work. The particle size of the additive in the range of 1.08 10-6... 1.2 10-6 m was recognized as rational.



Energy assessment of turbodisc cultivators for vertical tillage
Abstract
The purpose of the research is to conduct an energy assessment of serial turbodisc cultivators for vertical tillage. Turbodisc cultivators were evaluated by analyzing the characteristics of turbodisc cultivators from Agrifest-Express (12 models), Salford (21 models). The indicators of turbodisc cultivators are considered, which include the width of the grip, the required power and productivity. Based on these indicators, the energy indicators of the turbodisc cultivators of the companies Agrifest-Express and Salford were determined, depending on the depth of processing. These indicators included the energy intensity of the turbodisc cultivator, its specific efficiency at the processing depth, the specific power per 1 m of the width of the turbodisc cultivator. The statistical values of the characteristics of turbodisc cultivators from the companies "Agrifest-Express" and Salford are given. The energy indicators of turbodisc cultivators from Agrifest-Express and Salford companies have been determined. Salford turbodisc cultivators have a larger grip width compared to the Agrifest Express, and they also require tractors with a capacity of over 310 hp, the range of required power is 96...604 hp, their productivity is lower compared to the Agrifest Express. The average energy values of Salford turbodisc cultivators are higher compared to the Agrifest Express with a difference E = 45%, N = 19...76% at different processing depths and Kd = 19%. With all their diversity, the TDK-1420/96 model of the Agrifest-Express company has become the most widespread, which has the following energy indicators: energy intensity – 12.95 kWh/ha, specific efficiency – 383.28 kW/ha, specific power per 1 m of width – 19.16 kW/m. At the same time, this model will allow processing an area of 0.000071...0.000288 hectares with different processing depths – 0.05...0.06 m.



Justification of parameters of electrical substitution diagram for castore seed components
Abstract
The purpose of the research is to increase the efficiency of hulling castor bean seeds and separating its crushed seeds in the general technological process of material processing. In the technology of castor bean processing, an important place is occupied by the operation of hulling and separating its crushed beans, which should prevent toxic substances such as ricin, ricinin and allergen from entering the final product of processing. When applying electrophysical methods of influencing castor bean seeds, it is necessary to have an understanding of the electrical properties of the components of castor bean seeds, such as the kernel and husk. Knowledge of such properties is necessary for the development of devices that will use electric fields in the technological operations of hulling castor bean seeds and separating its crushed grain. However, since the seeds of agricultural crops are dielectrics, and polarization processes occur in any dielectric, it is not possible to substantiate their electrical properties without understanding these processes in relation to castor bean seeds. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to establish processes in the components of castor bean seeds that occur under the influence of voltage applied to them by substantiating the parameters of the electrical equivalent circuit. As a result of the justification, equations were obtained to determine the parameters of the electrical equivalent circuit for the kernel and seeds of castor beans, namely: capacitance due to electronic and ionic polarization, capacitance due to dipole and structural polarization, resistance due to dipole and structural polarization, resistance to through conduction current. Such equations will make it possible in the process of research to establish the electrical properties (dielectric loss tangent, relative dielectric constant and electrical conductivity) of the kernel and husk of castor bean seeds, taking into account the moisture content of the seeds, temperature and frequency of the power supply network.



VETERINARY MEDICINE AND ZOOTECHNICS
Use of immunomodulator for mastitis in cows
Abstract
The purpose of the research is the development of optimal dose of “Immunofarm” preparation for treatment of serous mastitis in high-yielding cows. To conduct research, 4 groups of 10 animals each were formed from cows diagnosed with serous mastitis on the basis of clinical examination of the mammary gland and milk reaction to Masttest. The drug “Immunopharm” was administered intracisternally at intervals of 72 hours until the disappearance of symptoms of serous mastitis. The first experimental group of animals was administered the drug in a dose of 5.0 ml, the 2nd experimental group of animals was administered the drug in a dose of 10.0 ml, the 3rd experimental group of animals was administered the drug in a dose of 15.0 ml. The control group of animals was treated with the drug “Mastisan” in a dose of 5.0 ml with an interval of 24 hours. The use of the preparation “Immunofarm” at a dose of 10.0 ml intracisternally into the mammary gland with an interval of 24 hours contributes to the fading of the inflammatory process: normalization of local temperature occurs 1.95 days earlier, the disappearance of udder soreness appears 2.43 days earlier, the absence of clots and flakes in the milk is reduced by 1.35 days, the recovery of milk productivity comes 1.43 days earlier compared to the control. No significant difference was found between the indicators of using the preparation “Immunofarm” in the dose of 10.0 ml and 15.0 ml. Duration of treatment in animals of the 2nd experimental group is 2.90 days less, the treatment efficiency is 20.0% more. The use of the optimal dose of “Immunofarm” provides earlier normalization of acidity, milk density, somatic cell content, increasing the milk productivity of overdosed animals by 7.90 kg of milk.



Calpastatin gene polymorphism analysis (cast) in sheep of southern meat breed
Abstract
The aim of the work is to study the polymorphism of the calpastatin gene (CAST), which determines the feature of the manifestation of productive and biological characteristics in sheep of the Southern Meat breed including rams (n=80), young rams (n=23) and ewes (n=51). DNA from the biological material of sheep was isolated using a commercial DNA-Extran-2 kit (Syntol LLC, Russia) according to the instructions provided by the manufacturer. The equipment of the Center for Biological Resources and Bioengineering of Agricultural Animals (L. K. Ernst Federal Science Center for Animal Husbandry) was used in this research. The CAST gene polymorphism analysis was conducted based on the PCR-RFLP method. PCR amplification was performed on an Applied Biosystems SimpliAmp thermal cycler (Thermo-Fisher Scientific, Inc., USA). Restriction was performed using MspI restriction endonuclease (SibEnzyme LLC) in a thermostat at 37°C. Separation of the restricted fragments was performed in a 2% agarose gel stained with dimidium bromide. The polymorphism of the CAST gene is represented by alleles M and N, the frequency of which were 0.92 and 0.08. The desired NN genotype was found only in a group of rams from gene pool herd (2.5%). An assessment of the genetic structure of the studied livestock showed that among the studied animals, sheep with the CASTMM genotype are most common (83.8% on average, from 78.43% in ewes to 87.5% in rams), the CASTMN and CASTNN genotypes account for 15% (from 10% in rams to 21.56% in ewes) and 1.29% on average per sample, respectively. In this study, we identified the presence of polymorphism in the CAST gene in Southern Meat breed for the first time that creates the prerequisites for the introduction of this DNA marker into breeding work with the Southern Meat sheep breed.



The influence of combined complex of nutrients on biochemical parameters of blood of calves with richitis
Abstract
The objectives of the study were to investigate the effect of a feed additive based on natural minerals and organic protein on biochemical blood parameters in calves with clinical manifestations of rickets. At the beginning of the experiment, changes in the musculoskeletal system characteristic of rickets were revealed in the experimental calves. Biochemical blood analysis revealed negative deviations in the parameters of mineral and protein metabolism. The use of a mineral-protein supplement led to the restoration of the concentration of total calcium and inorganic phosphorus in the blood of sick calves and normalization of the ratio between these two elements. Within the reference limits, an increase in the parameters of protein metabolism in the blood was noted, as well as a decrease in the activity of alkaline phosphatase to optimal values. At the external level, the positive effect of the complex remedy was confirmed by ultrasound osteometry, indicating an increase in bone mineral density. An increase in the daily increments of sick calves was also noted. The correct selection of essential nutrients in the complex therapy of rickets of young cattle plays a key role in restoring key characteristics of mineral metabolism and normalization of functions of the entire animal body systems. Provided that the body of calves receives a sufficient amount of naturally necessary components of protein and mineral substances, it is able to effectively perform all necessary functional tasks, including the formation of full-fledged tissue structures.



Oilseed flax seeds in mixed feeds for lactating cows
Abstract
The purpose of the research is to study the effectiveness of using flax seeds of the oilseed variety Kinelsky 2000 in feeding lactating cows. Oilseed flax seeds contain 37.0% oil, 22.0% crude protein. The main part of fat is linolenic acid, an analogue of vitamin F. In terms of amino acid composition, flax seed protein is close to soy protein. This gives reason to consider the possibility of using oilseed flax seeds in the diets of highly productive lactating cows. In scientific and economic experience on two groups of lactating cows of 8 heads each, the effect of compound feeds with a content of 10.0% by weight of flaxseed on feed consumption and the digestibility of nutrients in the diet was studied. The inclusion of flaxseed concentrate in the feed provides an increase in milk productivity by 4.2%. Reducing the cost of producing 1 kg of milk by 4.0% fat content: 1.4% by WEIGHT, 3.0% by dry matter, 3.5% by concentrates. The replacement of 10.0% soy meal in a compound feed concentrate with oilseed flax seeds increases the digestibility of nutrients in the diet feed: dry matter by 0.7 abs.%, crude protein – by 0.4 abs.%, crude fat – by 0.2 abs.%, fiber – by 0.2 abs.%, BEV – by 0.3 abs.%. The "loss" of nitrogen in urine in cows of the experimental group was lower than the control by 1.4 g (or 1.3%). Nitrogen absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in cows of the 2nd experimental group was better used by their body than in animals of the 1st control group for the synthesis of milk protein. The inclusion of flour from flax seeds of the oilseed variety Kinelsky 2000 in the composition of compound feeds concentrates for lactating cows provides an improvement in the digestibility of nutrients in the diet. This is accompanied by an increase in dairy productivity. The inclusion of 10.0% by weight of flax seed flour in the composition of compound feed concentrate for lactating cows is economically feasible.



The prevalence of orthopedic diseases of the distal extremities in cattle depending on housing conditions
Abstract
The problems with the musculoskeletal system in the limb area in cattle are one of the main causes of economic losses in dairy production. These problems lead to a decrease in milk yields, weight loss, significant treatment costs, a high percentage of culling and a decrease in reproductive functions. In Russia hoof diseases occur in 14.4-80% of the livestock among dairy cows. The purpose of the study is to study the prevalence of distal limb diseases in dairy cows under tethered and untethered housing in some dairy farms of the Middle Volga region. Clinical and orthopedic medical examination was carried out among dairy cattle from 2016 to 2024, with different conditions of animal husbandry: tied – in Koshkinsky, Syzran districts, and loose – in Bezenchuk, Hvorostyansky, Stavropol districts of the Samara region, in the villages of Afanasovo and Kaenly of the Nizhnekamsk district of the Republic of Tatarstan. In total, 9893 animals aged 3 to 10 years, with an average live weight of 450-550 kg, underwent orthopedic cleaning and treatment; 2,267 were patients, which amounted to 22.91%, and 3,050 pathologies of the distal extremities were found in them. During the clinical and orthopedic examination of dairy cows in the period from 2016 to 2024, it was found that with loose housing, the number of sick animals is 4% less, and the number of orthopedic diseases is 17.34% lower than with tethered housing. This allows us to conclude that for the prevention of limb diseases, it is preferable to use unrestricted animal husbandry. The most common diseases of the distal region are myakish ulcer, Rustergoltz ulcer, purulent and aseptic pododermatitis, as well as hoof deformity. At the same time, with any method of keeping cows, the distal parts of the pelvic extremities are most often affected, both with tethered and untethered conditions.


