Vol 8, No 1 (2023)

The aim of the research is to increase the yield of soybeans and peas by using the growth regulator heteroauxin in the conditions of the Ryazan region. The experience was laid in 4-fold repetition. The yield of peas and soybeans was studied depending on the use of a plant growth regulator – heteroauxin. The seed material is soy of the Maxus variety and peas of the Rocket variety. In the course of the research, field germination, plant density, yield and crop structure were studied. Observations, records and analyses were carried out according to generally accepted methods. It has been established that heteroauxin has a more pronounced effect on the number of soybean plants that survive harvesting during spraying in/ the budding phase. The survival rate of soybeans increases with late processing in the bean formation phase by 4.2%. The use of heteroauxin in the filling phase of beans leads to an increase in their quantity by 42.9-98.4%. Treatment with heteroauxin in the budding phase contributed to an increase in the number of seeds in the bean by 2.7-11.6%. The positive effect of the growth regulator on the formation of lateral shoots on soybean plants in all variants of the experiment was established – 1.7-2.5 pcs./plant (1,4-1,8 pcs./plant in control). The plants of the experimental variants were higher than the control ones by 0.9-6.7 cm. The highest yield of seeds from one plant was obtained when treated with heteroauxin in the budding phase – 6.70-6.72 g, which is 12.6-12.9% higher than in the control.  Treatment with a growth regulator with a concentration of 50 mg/l in the budding phase and in the bean formation phase had an effect on the weight of 1000 seeds. This indicator was 155.6-156.5 g. The greatest increase in  soybean yield was obtained when crops were treated with heteroauxin concentration of 50 mg/l in the budding phase – 10.3%. Treatment of pea crops with heteroauxin in the budding phase led to an increase in pea yield by 4.6-8.4%. The use of the heteroauxin growth regulator on soybean and pea crops contributes to an increase in crop yields.

The purpose of the research is to develop methods for increasing soil fertility and crop yields due to the supply of stubble and root residues in grain-row crop rotations. Direct sowing involves the cultivation of plants without physical preparation of the soil with the preservation of crop residues of the previous crop on its surface. Stubble and root residues provide favorable conditions for biological processes in the soil, contribute to carbon sequestration. Field experiments were carried out in the period of 2018-2022 in the conditions of the Middle Volga region on the territory of the Pokhvistnevsky district within the land use boundaries of «Orlovka» – AIC LLC using direct sowing technologies (No-till). The soil is a typical medium-humus, medium-thick chernozem. Our research was carried out in 10 crop rotations where crops were grown: soybean, spring wheat, winter wheat, sunflower, barley, corn, mustard. Yield indicators and the amount of stubble and root residues (СRR) of each crop were calculated. Using the Microsoft Excel program, a mathematical analysis of the dependence of the yield on the total amount of surface and root residues of the predecessor crop was made. Based on the results of the study, it can be noted that the following crop rotation is optimal for soybeans: soybean – wheat – sunflower – fallow. A similar result was obtained in the soybean – corn – soybean – wheat crop rotation, where after corn and wheat a large amount of СRR remained — 103.0 and 43.4 c/ha, respectively. The most successful for obtaining the maximum yield of wheat can be considered crop rotations in which the alternation of wheat and soybeans occurs. Correlation analysis of the data showed that the closest relationship between the yield and the amount of СRR is observed in the case of cultivation of wheat after sunflower (r = 0.90) and sunflower after wheat (r = 0.82). It can also be noted that the plant residues of soybean and wheat do not mutually affect the formation of the future crop.

The purpose of the research is to describe the anatomical and functional characteristics of the muscles of the elbow joint in feline representatives to determine the mechanism of damage. The article presents the anatomical and functional characteristics of the muscles of the elbow joint in a domestic cat. The study was performed at the Department of Anatomy and Histology of Animals named after Professor A. F. Klimov of the Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology – MVA named after K.I. Scriabin. The study of the anatomical and functional characteristics of the muscles acting on the elbow joint of a domestic cat was carried out using conventional and fine anatomical dissection using a binocular magnifying glass, biomechanical modeling of the locomotor act and identification of both general and specific patterns of their structure. The object of the study was a domestic cat (n=14) of both sexes aged from 2 to 7 years. Based on the conducted studies, the general and specific features of the anatomical organization of the muscles of the elbow joint in a representative of the feline family have been established. In a domestic cat, a deltoid-shoulder muscle, which was not previously described in the available literature, was found to be closely related to the shoulder muscle. The structural features of the triceps of the shoulder muscle were also established, manifested in the species-specificity of attachment of its long and medial heads, consolidation of the lateral head with the scapular part of the deltoid muscle, the presence of a common tendon of the long head and the acuminate muscles, and additional heads of the triceps of the shoulder muscle were found. The features of the anatomical design of a square pronator, the bundles of fibers of which are combined with one of the bellies of the radial flexor of the wrist, are presented. The obtained normative data can be basic in assessing the structural state of the musculoskeletal system and the diagnosis of orthopedic pathologies in the studied animals.

The purpose of the research is to determine the blood parameters of highly productive cows when using the feed additive Optigen. The experiment was carried out at the dairy complex of JSC «Niva» of the Stavropol district of the Samara region. To conduct the research, 4 groups of animals were formed from among highly productive cows (control, experimental-1, experimental-2, experimental-3) with 10 heads each. In addition to the main diet experimental groups of cows received a protected nitrogen-containing feed additive Optigen in doses during the dry period: experimental-1 – 90 g, experimental-2 – 100 g, experimental-3 – 120 g, animals of the control group did not receive a feed additive. Blood samples were taken from all 40 animals before the start of the research on the day of drying off, 3-4 days before parturition. It was found that in the blood of animals receiving the Optigen feed additive in a dose of 100 g in the structure of the main diet, the number of formed blood elements (erythrocytes, platelets) increases (within reference values) and the following biochemical parameters increase: calcium, inorganic phosphorus, carotene, total protein, alkaline reserve, glucose, alpha and gamma globulins with a decrease in the level of beta globulins, compared with the blood parameters of animals of the control and first experimental groups who received the Optigen feed additive in a dose of 90 g as a part of the main diet. The difference between the blood parameters of the animals of the studied groups that received the Optigen feed additive in a dose of 100 and 120 g as part of the main diet is insignificant. A positive effect on the morpho-biochemical parameters of blood is provided by optimizing rumen metabolism and the constancy of nitrogen concentration in the rumen.

The purpose of the research is to substantiate the degree of disruption and restoration of the balance of metabolic process catalysts, vitamins in the liver, with candidiasis of the digestive tract of geese against the background of the use of the enzyme lithiase in combination with adaptogens. Candidiasis is a predisposing factor for the development of mycotoxicosis, the primary and secondary cause of associative infections, invasions, diseases of non-infectious etiology. In goose farms, candidamycosis occurs spontaneously, against the background of stress factors of various nature. In cases of non-application of timely emergency measures, the mortality of young animals reaches 80-100%. The search for effective preventive measures and therapy remains an unsolved problem to date. In this regard, the influence of candidiasis of the digestive tract of geese on the processes of assimilation of vitamins by the body and restoration of their balance in the liver was studied. The experiments were carried out on goslings of the Linda breed in the farms of the Republic of Tatarstan and Bashkortostan. Laboratory research were carried out in the conditions of republican scientific and production laboratories and laboratories of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology of the Russian State Agrarian University – the Timiryazev Moscow Agricultural Academy. Birds were divided into 7 groups according to the principle of analogues: the first (control) – healthy individuals, the second-seventh – individuals affected by candidiasis of the digestive tract. No manipulations were carried out with geese of the second group, the young of the third were treated with the antimycotic nystatin, the fourth with the enzyme lithiase, the fifth with lithiase with probiotic, the sixth with lithiase with propolis, the seventh with a complex of lithiase with probiotic and propolis. The material was taken before the start of the experiment on the 7th day (background), and then on 14-, 30-, 60-, 90-e day. It has been found that microbn wawrunzim liticase in complex with probiotic subtilis C and propolisom contribute to the ubiquity of urovnya water-and gyrorasimarticum vitamin in roasted: B₁ in 8.00; B₂ in 4.00; B₆ in 6.00; B₁₂ in 9.00; C in 5.00; A in 4.00; E in 8.00.

The aim of the research is to improve the biological value of the diet of broiler chickens and their meat qualities by using the selenium-containing drug DAFS-25k in combination with different doses of the feed probiotic supplement «Bacell-M». In the rations of broilers of the experimental groups, the tested additives were introduced: I experimental group – full-fledged compound feed (PC) + DAFS-25k + probiotic additive «Bacell-M» in the amount of 0.9 mg and 1.5 g per 1 kg of compound feed, respectively; II experimental group – PC + DAFS-25k + probiotic up to-baucus «Bacell-M» in the amount of 0.9 mg and 2.0 g per 1 kg of compound feed, respectively; III experimental group – PC + DAFS-25k + probiotic additive «Bacell-M» in the amount of 0.9 mg and 2.5 g per 1 kg of compound feed, respectively. According to the results of the studies, it was found that, compared with the control, the introduction of additives into the broiler feed of the experimental groups of tested additives allowed to improve the mass of the gutted carcass – by 4.49 (P<0.05), 6.64 (P<0.01) and 5.63% (P<0.01), respectively; the mass of edible parts of the carcass – by 4.89 (P<0.05), 7.38 (P<0.01) and 6.29% (P<0.01); muscle mass, including pectoral – by 4.60 (P<0.05), 6.95 (P<0.01) and 5.84% (P<0.05), and femoral – by 6.18 (P<0.05), 7.67 (P<0.01) and 6.57% (P<0.05). The young birds of the experimental groups have higher quality indicators of meat: the dry matter content in the pectoral muscles – by 0.07, 0.20 (P<0.05) and 0.15% (P<0.05); protein content – by 0.23 (P<0.05), 0.50 (P<0.01) and 0.39% (P<0.05). The highest indicators of meat yield and quality were noted in group II broilers.

The purpose of the research is to evaluate the adaptive abilities of first–generation crossbreeds from reciprocal crossing of Kalmyk and Mandolong breeds of beef cattle. One of the mechanisms of animal adaptation to new environmental conditions is the hair cover, its structure, structure, quality indicators. In cattle, the body hair changes twice a year, during spring and autumn molting. In this regard, the main objective of the research was to study the quality of the hair cover of crossbreeds obtained by reciprocal crossing of Kalmyk and Mandolong breeds depending on the season. It was found that in winter, the hair density was higher in bulls by 70.4-78.7%, in heifers – by 66.5–70.5%, the length of pigtails, respectively, by 4.55-4.74 times and 4.38-4.61 times, the weight of hair from 1 cm2 of skin – by 4.76-5.04 times and 4.62-4.82 times. At the same time, in winter the difference was greater in the descendants of bulls of the Kalmyk breed – in the density of bulls by 9.8%, heifers – by 10.0%, in the length of pigtails – by 2.6 and 2.4%, in the weight of hair from 1 cm² of skin – by 1.8 and 2.1%. The results of the study of the hair cover structure showed that in crossbreeding young cows of the Mandolong breed with bulls of the Kalmyk breed the proportion of fluff, which performs the main function of thermoregulation, in summer was less than in the descendants of bulls of the Mandolong breed, by 0.3-0.5%, and in winter, on the contrary, more by 2.5-2.6%.