Vol 10, No 3 (2025)
AGRICULTURE
The influence of magnesium containing fertilizers on potato productivity
Abstract
In the field experiment (2020-2021) on the Zhukovsky Early potato variety, it was found that the pre-planting application of AgroMag granulated fertilizer (60-62% MgO) in doses of 100 and 200 kg/ha a.i., as well as magnesium sulfate (magnesium control) at a dose of 100 kg/ha a.i. gave a significant increase in potato yields, on average for two years – 5.0 t/ha (17.9%), 9.6 t/ha (34.4%) and 5.3 t/ha (19%), respectively, to N116P116K152-control; improved the fractional composition of tubers and the quality of products. The effect of the new magnesium-containing fertilizer AgroMag granulated at a dose of Mg100 was at the level of the magnesium standard MgSO4 in the same dose. The contribution of the main application of AgroMag granulated in two doses (100 and 200 kg/ha a.i.) to the formation of potato yields at the level of 44-51 t/ha in a normal wet year (2020) was 20-40%, and when forming 22-26 t/ha in a dry year (2021) – 14-24%. Foliar spraying twice a season (budding-flowering) with the liquid agrochemical AgroMag ActiMax (3 l/ha) against the background of N116P116K152 provided significant increases both in 2020 – 5.1 tons (13.9%) and in 2021 – 1.9 tons (9.9%). The most significant yield increases were obtained in variants with the combined use of AgroMag granulated in the soil at doses of 100 and 200 kg/ha a.i. and liquid agrochemical AgroMag AktiMax on a leaf, 3 or 6 l/ha x 2 times: 10.0 t/ha (35.7%) and 13.5 t/ha (48.2%) relative to N116P116K152-control. Mg-fertilizers in increased doses (200 kg/ha and 6 l/ha) increased the marketability of the crop by 2.2-2.6%, starch content by 0.9-1.5% and the taste of boiled tubers (by 1 point), the collection of nutritionally valuable nutrients by 40-55%, the yield of the seed fraction of tubers per hectare by 27-29%, and also reduced the metabolic and hydrolytic acidity of the soil, increased the amount and degree of saturation with bases due to a significant increase in exchangeable magnesium by 66-72 mg/kg relative to the values of the arable layer N116P116K152 control.
3-10
The duration of the growing season and its impact on the productivity and quality of barley grain in the Middle Volga region
Abstract
The analysis of the values of hydrothermal coefficients (GTC) by year, by development phases and during the growing season of barley plants shows that the total duration of the growing season increased with decreasing air temperature and heavy precipitation, and, conversely, decreased during dry years. High values of shoot weight and 1000 grains, yields were obtained in the favorable years of the study – 2022 and 2023 compared with the unfavorable ones 2021 and 2024, the exceedances were 2.9; 1.2 and 1.6 times, or 34.0, 14.4 and 38.2%, respectively. Over the years, the values of plant height, the amount of sugars and the starch content have shown that these signs are slightly variable and they have changed slightly by 1.1 times or by 12.6, 8.8 and 4.3%, respectively. The lowest protein accumulation in grain turned out to be the values of 10.7 and 11.1%, which were obtained in 2022 and 2023, the most favorable, and in dry years – high 12.1 and 12.5%, the change was 1.2 times or 14,4%. A correlation analysis of the data obtained was carried out, and a reliable relationship between grain yield, weight of 1000 grains, protein content, amount of sugars and starch from the duration of plant development phases and the growing season was established at a 1% significance level. For yield indicators, the mass of 1000 grains, and the phases of plant development are positive, but they differ in closeness, weak at the beginning of the growing season, and then increase in full ripeness to significant or high. For the protein content, the sum of sugars and starch, the coefficients are defined as the inverse in the initial phases of plant development, then when entering the tube-full ripeness, a linear positive relationship is traced, which tends to increase from mild to moderate to high.
11-16
The formation of yields of spring barley varieties depending on the agrotechnical methods of cultivation in the Republic of Tatarstan
Abstract
The study is devoted to assessing the effect of mineral fertilizers and a moisture sorbent on the yield of spring barley varieties (Raushan, Kamashevsky, Tevkech) in the conditions of the Republic of Tatarstan. Field experiments (2022-2024) were conducted on gray forest soils with agrochemical parameters: 3.6% humus, mobile phosphorus 256-270 mg/kg, exchangeable potassium 121-125 mg/kg, pH 6.2. Studied dose of NPK (control, N₅P₅K₃₇, N₃₇P₆₀K₇₃) and the hydrogel Aquasim (0.50 kg/ha). The results showed that the combination of high doses of fertilizers (NP₆₀k₇₃) with a moisture sorbent (50 kg/ha) provided the maximum yield: 4.29 t/ha for Raushan, 4.05 t/ha for Kamashevsky and 4.45 t/ha for Tevkech, which is 31%, 23% and 21% higher than the control, respectively. The use of only a moisture sorbent without fertilizers increased yields by 3-4%, confirming the need for an integrated approach. Fertilizers have reduced the coefficient of water consumption (from 624 to 505 m3/t at Raushan), increasing the efficiency of water use. In the dry years (2023), fertilizer options showed lower yield fluctuations, emphasizing their role in stabilizing production. The protein content in the grain increased with the addition of N₃₇P₆₀K₇₃ with a moisture sorbent, reaching 13.5% in Kanashevsky. The data obtained confirm the expediency of using high doses of mineral fertilizers in combination with a moisture sorbent to increase the productivity and stability of spring barley in the conditions of the Republic of Tatarstan.
17-24
Characteristics of microflora in the process of transformation plant residues in organic matter
Abstract
The article examines the determination of the number of major groups of microorganisms, the characteristics of soil biogenicity and the effect on nitrogen transformation. The soils involved in agricultural production are subject to a number of negative factors due to the use of various kinds of chemicals, violation of agricultural technology of cultivated crops, non-compliance with crop rotations, etc. The alternative to solve these issues is the possibility of using preparations based on microorganisms in specific conditions of the region. The experiment took into account the number of ammonia microorganisms on nutrient media meat-peptone agar (MPA), amylolytic microflora growing on starch-ammonium agaric (SAA), the number of fungal microflora on Chapek medium on soil samples taken from field experience laid on gray forest heavy loamy soil, which serves as the basis for testing various basic surface tillage to a depth of 10-12 cm and landfill plowing to a depth of 20-22 cm, as well as the use of the biological fungicide Sternifag based on the Trichoderma fungus and a microbiological preparation based on the Biocomposite consortium of microorganisms. Based on the conducted studies, the coefficients of mineralization, nitrogen immobilization, and transformation in spring wheat and peas were calculated. The results obtained show an increase in biogenicity when using a bacterial preparation in the studied periods to 38.69 million. CFU/g in 2023 and up to 42.11 million. CFU/g in 2024. The change in the number of microorganisms from 22.1 million. CFU/g in 2023 to 18.42 million. CFU/ g in 2024 on MPA medium, the change in the number of microorganisms from 17.48 million. CFU/g in 2023 to 24.3 million. CFU/g in 2024 on the environment of KAA, bacteria from 31.40 million. CFU/g in 2023 to 25.51 million. CFU/g in 2024, actinomycetes from 10.05 million. CFU/g in 2024 compared to the number of 23.29 million. CFU/g in 2023, micromycetes from 66.67 million. CFU/g in 2023, up to 19.13 million. CFU/g in the conditions of 2024.
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TECHNOLOGY, MEANS OF MECHANIZATION AND POWER EQUIPMENT IN AGRICULTURE
Development of a simulator for the formation of mobile agricultural machinery management competencies
Abstract
The purpose of the research is to develop a multifunctional simulator built on a modular basis with a high degree of unification, contributing to increased efficiency and improved quality of training for specialists in the agro-industrial complex. To achieve this goal, the specifics of the formation of technological skills in agricultural production have been investigated, the functional properties of existing simulators for training specialists in agriculture have been analyzed, the optimal option for building a training simulator has been substantiated, and the collaboration of technical means and specialized computer programs has been implemented. During the development of the simulator,the standard control units for agricultural machines of the Don-680M forage harvester, the FCM F2650 and the ACROS 530/580 combine harvester, Logitech G923 devices, the Logitech G Saitek Pro Flight Throttle Quadrant, and an HP 255 personal computer were used. The COMPASS-3D program was used to design the structural scheme. The SIM CRAFT and Farming Simulator programs were used as specialized software. To implement the collaboration of the simulator computer and control modules, a mechanism for their interaction was developed. The experimental simulator has been developed for training specialists in working professions and developing effective production skills. The work was carried out on testing the simulator at the training center for specialists of the Institute of Mechanics and Power Engineering of the Ogarev Moscow State University, students studying the field of training on 35.03.06 "Agroengineering" as part of the development of a working profession under the training program "Tractor machinist of agricultural production of the BCDF category". As a result of using the simulator, students achieved better adaptation to practical exercises, more confident control of the tractors and combines at a real tractor range.
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Improvement of working conditions in agricultural production by reducing microbial contamination of its facilities
Abstract
Food production carried out by workers in a number of sub-sectors of the agro-industrial complex is inextricably linked with their identification with the sources of microbial contamination. Largely, this applies to the types of activity carried out in stationary facilities of the industry year-round or seasonally in some types of work. This is evidenced by the information provided in the article on the annual commissioning of new stationary facilities in the country for year-round keeping of animals, poultry, storage and processing of products in order to resolve issues of food supply of the population and raw materials for industry. As a rule, these are objects with permanent sources of microbial contamination. Workers engaged in industries with increased microbial contamination are susceptible to pathological processes caused by the chronicity of the infectious process and a decrease in the body's immune resistance. Microorganisms and their waste products found in the working area of a number of livestock, poultry, plant growing, fruit and vegetable (including greenhouse) industries lead to an increased susceptibility to infections, diseases, and, consequently, to an increase in the periods of temporary disability. Designing technical means and compiling disinfectant compositions to correct the level of microbial contamination leads to a decrease in the overall incidence rate and periods of temporary disability of workers, which will increase labor productivity and reduce the labor intensity of obtaining products. In this regard, an original model system was proposed in which the antioxidant properties of essential oils were studied by reaction with thiobarbituric acid under different experimental conditions (with and without heating). As a result of the experiments, it was found that heated anise essential oil and Morrison mustard plaster essential oil have the greatest anti-free radical activity. Devices for introducing essential oils into the respiratory tract have been developed. A method of phytodisinfection is proposed for air treatment, as a result of which the total microbial contamination in the premises is reduced on average by 3 times, the content of mold fungi - by 4 times.
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VETERINARY MEDICINE AND ZOOTECHNICS
The effectiveness of using the high-protein supplement in feeding dairy calves
Abstract
The purpose of the research is to evaluate the effectiveness of using the high-protein supplement "Belkoff-M" in feeding dairy calves together with milk powder. The feed additive "Belkoff-M" is a mixture of protected soy and sunflower proteins, which contains 12.7 MJ of metabolic energy, 42.5-43.5% of crude protein, 29.0% of protein decomposed in rumen, 71.0% of protein not decomposed in rumen, 26.84 g of lysine, 5.57 g of methionine. In scientific and economic experience on three groups of calves of about 10 heads each, the effect of starter feeds containing 20.0% by weight of the high-protein supplement Belkoff-M together with Balasheyskoye field flask on the consumption of dietary feed, the digestibility of nutrients, growth energy, and the biochemical status of blood was studied. The inclusion of the Belkoff-M additive in the starter feed in combination with flakes provides an increase in the average daily increase in live weight of calves by 17.1%. Cost reduction per 1 kg of increase: by 6.3% for EQ, by 8.7% for dry matter, by 2.3% for concentrates. Replacing sunflower meal in the starter feed with the Belkoff-M supplement increases the digestibility of nutrients in the diet: dry matter by 4.7 abs.%, crude protein by 5.17 abs.%, crude fat by 2.07 abs.%, crude fiber by 5.10%, BEV by 2.31 abs.%. The inclusion of a high-protein feed additive in the starter feed together with Balasheyskoye field flask instead of skimmed milk powder and sunflower meal provided an increase in average daily growth and a reduction in feed costs.
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Growth dynamics of young sheep depending on genotype
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the growth intensity in young sheep and its correlation with specific blood parameters across different genotypes. Experimental research was conducted on three groups of young rams, each comprising 20 individuals. The first group consisted of purebred Akzhaik meat-wool breed rams, the second group included crossbred rams derived from mating Akzhaik ewes with North Caucasian breed rams, while the third group consisted of crossbred rams obtained from the mating of Akzhaik ewes with Kuibyshev breed rams. The results revealed that the crossbred rams from North Caucasian and Kuibyshev breeds exhibited superior blood and serum parameters compared to their purebred Akzhaik counterparts, reflecting enhanced metabolic processes and redox reactions. This characteristic aligns with the principle of hybrid vigor (heterosis). At eight months of age, the crossbred rams in the first and second groups surpassed their purebred peers in hemoglobin content by 5.59 g/L and 12.64 g/L, total protein by 3.75 g/L and 6.46 g/L, urea by 0.20 mmol/L and 0.45 mmol/L, and glucose by 1.71 mmol/L and 1.46 mmol/L, respectively. The elevated activity of carbohydrate and protein metabolism, along with intensified redox reactions in the crossbred rams, contributed to a significant advantage in live weight, exceeding that of purebred rams by 3.75 kg and 5.79 kg. Therefore, in commercial enterprises focused on breeding the Akzhaik meat-wool breed, it is advisable to employ North Caucasian and Kuibyshev breed rams for industrial crossbreeding purposes.
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The influence of exterior features and functional properties cow udders on the quality of colostrum
Abstract
The purpose of the research is to improve the morphological structure and functional properties of udders of dairy cows. The object of research is the first-calf cows of the Samara type of black-and-white breed. 60 heads of first-calf cows were selected for conducting research using the method of paired analogues. Average colostrum samples were taken from the animals 30 minutes after calving to study the chemical composition. In the second month of lactation, when the first-year cows reached maximum milk yields, the udder shape, the udder index, and milk production intensity were evaluated. The study of the average daily milk yields showed that with an improvement in the morphological structure and functional properties of the udder, their value increases by 11.4-75.8%. As a result of the research, it was found that with the improvement of the morphological structure and functional properties of the udder, the chemical composition of colostrum significantly deteriorates. In cows with a rounded udder shape, compared with the bowl-shaped and tub–shaped ones, the dry matter content was higher by 1.2 and 2.0%, MJ – by 0.4 and 0.6%, MDB – by 0.9 and 1.5%, mineral substances – by 0.2-0.3%, in cows with an udder index of more than 42%, which were distinguished by the best colostrum quality, respectively by 0,6–3,1%; 0,3–1,0%; 0,4–2,2%. The best colostrum values were observed in cows with a milk production rate of 2.2-2.4 kg/min, which decreased with an increase in the intensity of milk production: dry matter by 1.5–3.4%, MJ – by 0.7–1.2%, MDB by 0.9–2.2%, with a decrease, respectively, by 0.7–2.4%; 0.5–0.7%; 0.2–1.4%. At the same time, it should be noted that the studied signs do not directly have a negative impact on the quality of colostrum, but through an increase in average daily milk yields, which have a negative correlation with the main components of colostrum.
65-71
The effect of humic and fulvic feed additives on restoring reproductive function and reducing the risk of subclinical mastitis in cows
Abstract
The article presents the results of a scientific and economic experiment to determine the effect of a feed additive containing humic and fulvic acids, "Reasil Humic Health", on the restoration of reproductive function and a decrease in the risk of subclinical mastitis in cows. The feed additive "Reasil Humic Health" is made from the natural substance leonardite. Leonardite is a product of humification of the ancient plants. To conduct the experiment, the dairy production of the agricultural production cooperative "Red Star" of the Isaklinsky district of the Samara region was determined. The experiment was carried out on 4 groups of animals from among the productive livestock (control, experimental-1, experimental-2, experimental-3) with 15 each. During the dry period, the cows from the experimental groups received, in addition to the main ration, the feed additive "Reasil Humik Health" in doses of 60.0 g for experimental group 1 animals, 80.0 g for experimental group 2 animals and 100.0 g for experimental group 3 animals, respectively. During the milking period, the experimental animals were fed the feed additive "Reasil Humik Health" in the dosage of 80.0 g for experimental group 1, 100.0 g for experimental group 2 and 120.0 g for experimental group 3. The feed additive was administered daily during the specified physiological periods during the morning feeding. The control group of the animals was on the main ration and received the feed mixture without the additive. The results reliably confirmed that the use of humic acids as a feed additive "Reasil Humic Health" in the amount of 80.0 g per head per day during the dry period and 100.0 g per head per day during the milking period in the diets of the cows reduces the degree of manifestation of subclinical mastitis, and also contributes to the restoration of the reproductive function of highly productive animals after calving. The changes in the studied parameters in the experimental 2 and experimental 3 groups did not differ reliably.
72-77
Morphobiochemical blood parameters of the laying hens using an iodine-containing supplement and probiotic
Abstract
The purpose of the scientific work was to find ways to increase egg productivity and the biological value of laying hen eggs using industrial technology. At this stage, the main objective of the study was to compare the morphobiochemical parameters of the blood of laying hens of the Haysex Brown cross when using the iodine-containing supplement iodinol and probiotic Symbitox in the established doses. The planned blood tests were carried out at the testing center of the Federal Scientific Center for Biotechnology and Deep-Sea Research (Orenburg, Russia). Morphological evaluations were performed using an automatic hematological analyzer, URIT-2900 Vet Plus (URIT Medical Electronic Group Co., Ltd", China). Biochemical studies carried out on an automatic analyzer (DIRUI Industrial Co, Ltd, China) with commercial kits for veterinary medicine (CJSC DIAKON-DS, Russia). The scientific and economic experiments conducted by the authors have shown the zootechnical and economic feasibility of various doses and options for feeding the iodine-containing supplement iodinol and probiotic Symbitox to the laying hens. Morphological and biochemical blood tests were performed to provide a physiological and biochemical justification for the technological method of increasing the egg productivity of hens and the biological usefulness of the eggs through the use of the studied drugs. It was found that the consumption of iodinol and probiotic included in the compound feed of the laying hens stimulate homopoiesis, which optimizes metabolic processes. The number of red blood cells, the level of hemoglobin and hematite increased in the blood of the hens receiving supplements. The maximum differences with the control of 25.0%, 8.64% and 8.11%, respectively, were noted in the group of the hens who received the drugs together. The number of leukocytes in their blood decreased by 9.59%. The indicators of daily metabolism have also improved naturally. The concentration of albumin exceeded the indicators of control laying hens by 0.53 (2.71%), glucose – by 15.5 (21.3%), total calcium – by 9.8 (11.4%), inorganic phosphorus – by 8.12 (12.8%).
78-83
Interactive anatomic 3D-atlas of a cat
Abstract
The aim of this research is to develop an interactive anatomical 3D atlas of the cat for veterinary education. The current significance of digital technologies in veterinary medicine is increasing, particularly in the fields of morphology, pathology, diagnostics, and disease prevention. The implementation of digitalization reveals innovative approaches to the study of animal morphology and enables the modeling of organ pathologies resulting from changes in their functional states due to various factors such as housing conditions and nutrition. Traditional methods of utilizing two-dimensional atlases in the course "Animal Anatomy" are insufficient to meet the demands of modern students, who are accustomed to the active use of 3D technologies and artificial intelligence. To succeed in the era of scientific advancement, it is essential to incorporate new technologies into the educational process. Inter-institutional collaboration between the Department of "Anatomy, Obstetrics, and Surgery" at Samara State Agricultural University and the Center for Digital Technologies at Samara State Medical University has facilitated the creation of an interactive 3D atlas of the cat, drawing upon the expertise developed from the creation of a similar 3D atlas for cattle. The digital 3D atlas of the cat, equipped with specialized software, encompasses detailed material on 14 systems of the cat’s body presented in a three-dimensional format. This high level of detail allows for the study of individual organ structures and the entire systems, with features for the concealment and removal of specific structures to elucidate their interrelations. The 3D atlas includes descriptions of organ structures in both Russian and Latin.
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