Vol 8, No 2 (2023)
AGRICULTURE
The influence of tillage and fertilizer systems on the yield structure and grain quality of spring barley
Abstract
The purpose of the research is to increase the yield and quality of spring barley grain by various tillage systems and fertilization. The conducted studies of the influence of the tillage method and the use of nitrogen fertilizer N30 on the elements of the spring barley crop structure indicate a positive effect on the number of plants and stems, their height, grain weight from the main ear of spring barley, increasing the value of these indicators to 2.2-3.2%. The yield, protein content and vitreous content of the endosperm, depending on the conditions of the experiment, had the highest values in the plowing variant with a fertilized background, the lowest in the variants of fine processing, without autumn mechanical processing and without fertilizers. The natural weight of grain, determined depending on the systems of tillage and fertilizers, had similar values, changing slightly. The level of profitability of spring barley grain production, with the use of tillage systems – plowing and mineral fertilizer – decreased by 11% and 15%, respectively, compared with options without autumn mechanical processing and without fertilizers. Thus, the application of mineral fertilizers is less effective, and the use of a tillage method – without autumn mechanical treatment when cultivating spring barley is economically feasible. Correlation analysis of yield and protein content in barley grains has shown that the degree of dependence of the traits is medium or strong, both straight and reverse. The determination coefficient in the regression equation is close to one and describes well the dependence of features. When analyzing the dependence of vitreous on protein content, a significant close correlation was established, which shows that the increase in one indicator is associated with the increase in the other.
3-9
Agroecological efficiency of phosphogypsum in increasing potato productivity dur-ing irrigation
Abstract
The purpose of the research is to develop methods for increasing potato productivity and minimizing the content of heavy metals in products by introducing phosphogypsum on saline chernozem of the southern agro-climatic zone of the Samara region. One of the tasks of the agro-industrial complex is to ensure food security, the solution of which can be influenced by such factors as rational, agroeconomically efficient and environmentally safe use of natural resources, including phosphate raw materials. The study of the possibility of using a by – product of the production of phosphoric acid – phosphogypsum – in agricultural production, contributing to increased soil fertility and crop yields, seems relevant. The introduction of phosphogypsum in combination with mineral fertilizers helps to increase the productivity of potatoes. The use of phosphogypsum in the potato fertilizer system made it possible to obtain an increase in the yield of tubers in the range of 25-26.8% – 12.1-13.3 t/ha with collections at the level of 48.4-49.6 t/ha. The maximum yield of commercial potatoes was obtained in the variant with the introduction of 6.0 t/ha of phosphogypsum. The use of phosphogypsum contributes to the improvement of acid-base properties, calcium and sulfur regime of soils. The use of phosphogypsum helps to reduce the gross content of lead in the soil by 28-63%, zinc by 5.5-22% and iron by 7.5-36% compared to the control. The concentration of other analyzed toxicants, including mercury, arsenic and cadmium, practically does not change and is significantly lower than the MPC and UEC, which allows us to conclude about the ecological purity of the drugs used, as well as the possibility of using phosphogypsum as a microfertilizer.
10-17
TECHNOLOGY, MEANS OF MECHANIZATION AND POWER EQUIPMENT IN AGRICULTURE
Research of conservation materials based on vegetable oils
Abstract
The purpose of the research is to increase the efficiency of protecting the working elements of agricultural machines and implements from atmospheric corrosion with conservation materials based on vegetable oils. The use of vegetable oils and their production waste as a basis for anticorrosive materials is a good alternative to petroleum oils. One of the ways to protect against atmospheric corrosion is the use of temporary anticorrosive protection based on vegetable oils, they are non-toxic, environmentally safe and renewable, their manufacture is possible directly at the agricultural enterprise itself. The objective of the research was to evaluate the protection of carbon steel from corrosion by preservative materials based on vegetable oils during periodic condensation of moisture. The following vegetable oils have been studied: palm, rapeseed, sunflower, as well as compositions of 50% rapeseed oil and 50% palm oil and 50% sunflower oil and 50% palm oil. The studies were carried out on samples made of structural carbon steel of ordinary quality St3sp. The results of corrosion studies with periodic moisture condensation for 35 days showed that sunflower oil slows down the corrosion rate by 11% (corrosion rate of 0.142 g/m2·year), rapeseed oil by 32% (corrosion rate of 0.108 g/m2·year), and palm oil by 51% (corrosion rate of 0.078 g/m2·year) at a corrosion rate of steel St3sp 0.16 g/m2·year. According to the research results, the best degree of protection of St3sp steel is provided by a vegetable composition of 50% rapeseed oil and 50% palm oil, it reduces the corrosion rate to 0.045 g/m2·year, while its degree of protection was 72%.
18-24
The results of studies of the crop residues sealing of grain crops with pln and pbs plows
Abstract
The purpose of the work is to improve the quality of embedding crop and plant residues into the soil. The results of experimental studies of the sealing of millet crop residues and their distribution over the depth of the cultivated soil layer by the serial ploughshare plow PNL-8-40 without pre-ploughs and the developed plow PBS-8M are presented. The PBS-8M plow is structurally fundamentally different from the widely used well-known plow PNL-8-40. The body of the PBS plow has a grip width of 60 cm. The right plowshare with a width of 40 cm and the left plowshare with a width of 20 cm are installed on the housing rack, there is no field board. A solid blade is adjacent to the right ploughshare for the entire width. When working with such a PBS plow body, part of the soil layer crumbles with the left plowshare, and the other part crumbles with the right plowshare, shifts, turns around and fits on the crumbled left part. The plowing of the field after harvesting millet by combines with shredders-straw spreaders, was carried out by plows in an aggregate with tractors K-701 and K-744R3. In the first experiment, it was found that during the operation of the PNL-8-40 plow, the straw is laid in depth in rows of various shapes and sizes. On the daytime surface of the field, strips of uncultivated straw were observed in the rows of the closure of the soil layers, which were at a distance of 30-60 cm from each other. In the second experiment, when working with PBS-8M, stubble and millet plant residues were embedded in the arable layer also unevenly, both in depth and in the width of the plow grip. However, the stubble is more evenly mixed with the soil and was at a depth of 8-15 cm. The thickness of the straw layer at the depth of the sealing was from 5 to 12 cm. The technological parameters of the PBS-8M plow contribute to the intensification of the processes of mineralization and humification of crop residues in the soil.
25-30
Microprocessor control of electric dispensers of the mixer of bio-oil fuel components
Abstract
The purpose of the study is to develop and implement in practice a functional circuit for microprocessor control of electric dispensers of a mixer of oil and vegetable components of diesel bio–oil fuel, built into the standard power system of tractor diesel. From a scientific and practical point of view, it is important not only the correct selection of electric dispensers for the mixer of components of diesel bio-oil fuel, taking into account the fuel consumption of a specific tractor model, but also automatic control of electric dispensers without the participation of a driver. The choice of parameters of the mixer electric dispensers was carried out in accordance with the previously performed calculations in relation to the diesel D-243 of the MTZ-80 tractor. Considering the geometric dimensions of the input channels of the mixer and the valve of the electric dispenser, the stroke of the valve stem of the electric dispensers is determined, which is necessary for the required change in the throughput of the input channels of the mixer. To change the percentage of components of diesel bio-oil fuel, depending on the load-speed and temperature mode of tractor diesel operation, step-by-step electric dispensers are placed in the input channels of the mixer, automatically changing the throughput of the input channels by adjusting the area of their passage section. The microprocessor unit controls the operation of the electric dispensers based on informative signals from load sensors (the position of the rail of the high-pressure fuel pump), speed (the speed of rotation of the diesel crankshaft), the temperature of the coolant in the diesel cooling system and the temperature of vegetable oil at the inlet to the mixer. The functional scheme of microprocessor control of electric dispensers of the mixer of components of diesel bio-oil fuel developed and implemented in practice allows to change automatically the percentage of petroleum fuel and vegetable oil in diesel bio-oil fuel depending on the load-speed and temperature mode of tractor diesel operation.
31-37
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND ZOOTECHNICS
Features of the colostral immunity formation in calves with different volumes of the first portion of colostrum
Abstract
The purpose of the research is to improve the technology of milking colostrum to newborn calves in dairy cattle breeding. The object of the study is newborn calves of the Holstein breed. In the first experiment, five groups were formed from newborn calves, before the colostrum was drunk, with an interval of 3-4 kg live weight: l gr. – 29-31 kg (n=4), ll gr. – 32-34 kg (n=7), lll gr. – 35-38 kg (n=21), IV gr. – 43-46 kg (n=24), V gr. – 43-46 kg (n=9). It was found that the volume of abomasum and the amount of colostrum consumed during the first watering changes in calves born with different live weight. At the same time, the amount of actually extracted colostrum increases by 9.0-55.6%, the true volume of abomasum by 3.8-37.5%, and the volume of abomasum relative to the live weight of the calf, on the contrary, decreases by 2.4-9.5%. For the 2nd experiment, 40 calves with a live weight from 38 to 42 kg (an average of 40 kg) were selected from newborn calves, which were divided into 4 groups of 10 heads each equivalent in live weight. The calves were given the first portion of colostrum, varying in volume: l gr. – 2.0 l, ll gr. – 2.5 l, lll gr. – 3.0 l, IV gr. – 3.5 l, taking into account actual consumption. In calves with the same live weight, when drinking different amounts of colostrum, the volume of actually drunk colostrum relative to live weight increases by 1.2-1.9%, and the occupancy of the abomasum by 15.6-25.0%. As a result, the rate of transition of immunoglobulins from colostrum into the blood decreases, and their concentration in the blood 6 hours after drinking the first portion of colostrum in calves with abomasum occupancy of more than 80% decreases by 4.0-13.5%. This leads to a decrease in the quality of colostral immunity and an increase in the morbidity of calves in the first month after birth by 30-50%. Therefore, the volume of the first portion of colostrum should be 5-6% of the live weight of a newborn calf.
38-44
Productivity of crossbred young beef cattle
Abstract
The purpose of the research is to increase the productivity of young cattle by crossing Simmental cows with bulls of specialized meat breeds. To increase the productivity of young animals in the practice of beef cattle breeding, the method of crossing different breeds based on the use of the heterosis effect is widely used. The purebred youngsters of the Simmental breed and crossbreeds obtained by crossing Simmental cows with Hereford and Belgian blue bulls were studied. The experienced youngsters were divided into six groups of 15 heads each: Groups 1 and 2 – are semi-blooded bulls and heifers – descendants of Hereford bulls, groups 3 and 4 – are half-blooded bulls and heifers – descendants of Belgian blue bulls, groups 5 and 6 – are bulls and heifers – purebred simmentals. The animals were raised using the technology of beef cattle breeding on suckling under their mothers in the same conditions of maintenance and feeding. In winter, the young were kept loose on a deep litter in the rooms connected with walking and feeding grounds. Inside the premises for calves the «storerooms» were equipped with free entrance through manholes. Here the calves received hay, whole grain oats, crushed barley grain, protein-vitamin and mineral supplements, table salt. During the summer period, the calves were kept in one herd on natural rain-fed pastures in a summer camp without feeding, but with the production of chalk and boiled salt. The absolute increase in live weight of crossbreeds of the Simmental and Hereford breeds in bulls compared to purebred young was 22.5 kg more, in heifers – by 20.4 kg, which is 4.5%, the absolute increase in crossbreeds of the Simmental and Belgian blue breed was greater in bulls – by 56.2, in heifers by 52.3 kg, which is 11.2%.
45-52
Reproductive qualities of samara-type cows of black-and-white breed of different lines depending on polymorphism of the kappa-casein gene
Abstract
The purpose of the research is to improve the productive qualities and genealogical structure of the Samara-type herd of the black-and-white breed of cattle. The research material was Samara-type cows of a black-and-white breed of different genealogical lines. From deep-bed cows, 1-2 months before the third calving, three experimental groups of 75 heads each were formed: l – line Vis Back Idiala 0933122, ll – line Reflection Sovering 198998, lll – line Montvik Chieftain 95679. Polymorphic blood proteins, which are genetic markers associated with the dairy production of animals, are widely used in breeding work. Polymorphism of the kappa-casein gene was determined by polymerase chain reaction. According to the evaluation results, the animals of each line were divided into three subgroups in accordance with the polymorphism of the kappa-casein gene – genotypes AA, AB, BB. An indirect relationship between of the polymorphism of the kappa-casein gene and the reproductive qualities of cows has been established. The highest milk productivity was found in cows with the AA genotype, regardless of their lineage. The difference compared to the genotypes of AB and BB is respectively 7.0-10.6%. A high level of dairy productivity negatively affects the reproductive qualities of cows. It is noted that high-yielding cows often have a disproportion in the live weight of the mother and fetus. This leads to an increase in difficult calving by 13.9-26.0%. As a result of postpartum complications, the duration of the service period increases by 7.9-18.1%, the fertilization rate from the first insemination decreases by 4.9-25.8% and the insemination index increases by 6.3-39.2%. In order to level the problem, it is necessary to take into account their characteristics of stud bulls when selecting them.
53-59
Starter compound feeds with saffron cake for calves
Abstract
The purpose of the research is to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of saffron cake in feeding dairy calves. Processed products and saffron seeds have a good balance of essential amino acids. The use of saffron processing waste is a necessary condition for maintaining the cleanliness of the environment. In the scientific and economic experiment on three groups of calves of 10 heads each, the effect of compound feeds with a content of 5.0-10.0% by weight of saffron cake on the consumption of feed ration, growth energy, digestibility and use of nutrients of the diet was studied. The inclusion of saffron cake in the starter feed provides an increase in the average daily live weight gain in calves of the experimental groups by 2.3-7.6%. The best indicators for the cost per 1 kg of body weight gain were found in 2 and 3 experimental groups: 34.4-34.3 MJ of metabolic energy; 582-564 g of crude protein. The replacement of 10.0% sunflower meal with saffron in the starter feed provided an increase in the digestibility of nutrients in the diet feed: dry matter – by 3.1 abs.%, organic matter – by 3.0 abs.%, crude protein – by 4.9 abs.%, crude fat – by 2.7 abs.%, crude fiber – by 4.2 abs.%, nitrogen-free extractive substances – by 2.4 abs.%. Nitrogen losses with urine and feces in calves of the third experimental group were lower, compared with the control, respectively, by 0.4-8.3%. Nitrogen assimilated from the gastrointestinal tract in calves of the third experimental group was better used – from the intake by 4.5%, from the assimilated by 5.0%, compared with the control. In animals receiving 15% of saffron cake as part of compound feed, the nitrogen deposition rate was 17.3% higher compared to the control.
60-66
Biochemical parameters of blood and milk productivity of cows included in the struc-ture of the diet of the food additive optigen
Abstract
The purpose of the research is to substantiate the effect of the feed additive Optigen on the biochemical indicators of blood and milk productivity of cows during the peak of lactation. To conduct research, two groups of cows were formed after calving on the second or third day (control, experimental) with 10 heads in each group. The animals in the group were selected according to the principle of analogues, taking into account the indicators of milk productivity for the previous lactation. During the research, all the animals were in the same conditions of feeding and maintenance. The animals of the experimental group were additionally included in the diet structure of the feed additive Optigen at a dose of 100 g during the entire period of peak lactation – 90 days. The biochemical parameters of blood serum at the beginning and at the end of the peak of lactation were studied. Based on the conducted studies, it was found that the biochemical blood parameters of cows of the control group at the end of the peak of lactation decreased, compared with the values at the beginning of the peak of lactation, in terms of total calcium by 0.31 mmol/l, total protein by 5.45 g/l, including albumin content by 3.21 g/l. The content of the enzymes AlAT and AsAT increased by 5.09 and 8.09 units. In the animals of the experimental group, the decrease in biochemical parameters in the compared periods was less than in the control, in terms of total calcium by 0.19 mmol/l, total protein – by 3.55 g/l, the increase in the indicators of the enzymes AlAt and AsAT by 3.11 and 6.07 units less compared to the control. The milk productivity of animals that received the Optigen feed additive in the diet structure at a dose of 100 g during the lactation period increased by 195.0 kg compared to the control. Milk of animals of the experimental group was superior in quality to milk of cows of the control group.
67-73
Study of the prenatal effect of estrogen on the postnatal morphology of the testes of offspring
Abstract
The purpose of the research is the theoretical substantiation of the development of methods for correcting violations of generative and endocrine function of the testes of offspring. Female white mongrel laboratory mice weighing 19-21 g were used as experimental animals. The animals were divided into 2 groups: intact and experimental. At the gestation stage of E11.5 pregnancy, intramuscular single injection of a 2% oil solution of the synthetic analogue of estrogen synestrol was performed at the same time of day. The name of the experimental group C-25 is formed taking into account the injected substance and its dose, synestrol 25 mcg/kg, the intact group was not exposed. In the course of research, it was revealed that when the synthetic analogue of estrogen synestrol is introduced into the mother's body, morphological changes in the structures of the testes of the offspring are observed. The results of morphometric analysis of the testes of the offspring of white mongrel laboratory mice with prenatal single administration of the synthetic analogue of estrogen synestrol at a dose of 25 mcg/kg showed changes in the structure of the organ, manifested in the form of: a decrease in the average number of Sertoli cells in C-25 18.4±1.1 (P≤ 0.05), compared with the intact group (20.8±1.9); reduction of the average number of spermatozoa in C-25 175.0±3.8 (P≤0.05), compared with the intact group (196.6±5.3). There was a change in the endocrine function of the testes of the offspring, expressed in a decrease in the average area of the nuclei of Leydig cells, in the intact group the indicator was 6.72±1.78, in the experimental group C-25 – 5.88±1.43 (P≤ 0.05). Exposure to a dose of synestrol at the E11.5 stage of the prenatal period of offspring development leads to persistent morphological changes in the testes of offspring in the postnatal reproductive period of ontogenesis.
74-79
Rehabilitation of dogs with pathology in the elbow joint
Abstract
The aim of the research is to increase the effectiveness of rehabilitation of dogs with pathology in the elbow joint. Rehabilitation requires a multi-stage approach, the purpose of which is to return the biomechanical properties of the elbow joint to the previous functional level. During rehabilitation, it is necessary to take into account: the consequences of injury or surgical intervention should be minimized; the healing tissues should not be overstressed with unnecessary loads; the dog must meet certain criteria at all stages of rehabilitation; the program should be based on the latest scientific and clinical research; the course and program should be developed for each dog individually, depending on the nature of the pathology; the rehabilitation program should be a joint work of a veterinary orthopedic surgeon, a rehabilitologist, an animal owner and a dog. Scientific research was carried out on the basis of the veterinary clinic «KrokoZoo» in Samara. The object of research is dogs of large breeds in the amount of 43 heads, mainly under the age of 24 months with diagnosed dysplasia of the elbow joint. The entire rehabilitation program was divided into four main stages. The first stage is 7-21 days after surgical intervention or injury of the elbow joint in dogs. The second stage is 28-49 days. The third stage is 49-89 days. The fourth stage is more than 84 days after surgery or injury to the elbow joint in dogs. The following methods of elbow joint rehabilitation have been tested in the course of research: manual therapy, hydrotherapy, cryotherapy, laser therapy, ultrasound therapy, percutaneous nerve electrical stimulation. Subject to the start of rehabilitation up to 14 days from the moment of surgery or injury to the elbow joint in dogs, 37 heads managed to restore the full volume of movement in the elbow joint and avoid the development of contractures. In 6 heads that started the rehabilitation process up to 60 days from the moment of surgery or injury to the elbow joint, it was possible to restore only a partial amplitude of movement due to the development of contracture in the elbow joint.
80-86
Morphofunctional development of lymphoid hematopoiesis organs in pigs during the prenatal period
Abstract
The aim of the research is to increase the cellular and humoral immunity of productive animals. Histogenesis and functional formation of thymus and lymph nodes in piglets in the prenatal period were studied. It has been established that the thymus, as the central organ of the immune system, is formed in the fetus of pigs from the age of 30 days. The mass of the thymus gland during this period is 30.30±0.24 mg, length – 1.20±0.04 cm, width – 0.3±0.01 cm. In a 100-day–old fetus, the mass and length of the thymus gland significantly increase by 4.5 times, the width by 2 times. In 50-day-old fetuses, thymus lobules differentiate into cortical and medullary matter. In the cortical substance of the thymus lobes, the number of hemocytoblasts is at the level of 3.18±0.2, large lymphocytes – 3.12±0.1, medium lymphocytes – 64.48±1.4, small lymphocytes – 140.34±4.6. In 50-day-old fetuses, the left pre-scapular and pharyngeal lymph nodes are formed. From the age of 70 days, follicles form in fetuses in the lymph nodes. In the follicles, the number of small lymphocytes ranges from 32.02±0.2 to 32.18%, medium lymphocytes – from 45.21±1.52 to 45.29±1.25% and large lymphocytes – from 3.94±0.24 to 5.79±0.23%. In pig fetuses, lymph nodes as organs of lymphoid hematopoiesis and as organs of the peripheral immune system morphofunctionally form by the age of 70 days. In the leukogram of piglets' blood, the predominant cells are lymphocytes in the amount of 80.28±2.52 to 58.45±2.62%. The number of segmented neutrophils – from 10.81±0.41 to 21.64±0.65%, rod-shaped neutrophils – from 2.31±0.09 to 6.61±0.10%. These blood values of 10- and 15-day-old animals were significantly higher by 2.6 times compared with the blood values of daily animals. Piglets at the age of 5 days are viable and have well-formed resistance factors.
87-94